Download year review part 1

STAAR Year Review
Biomolecules- essential molecules for life. Also seen in lessons throughout the year
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
C,H,O
C,H,O,N
C,H,O,N,P
Long term energy
storage
Enzymes,
hormones
DNA or RNA
Structure
C, H, O (1:2:1)
Function
Short term energy
Cells:
Prokaryotic- a cell without a nucleus. DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm. “Pro no nucleus”
Eukaryotic- a cell with a true nucleus to house DNA “Eu do have a nucleus” Has membrane bound
organelles
Organelle
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Picture
Function
DNA storage/ blue print for
proteins
Cellular respiration- production
of ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2 + 6H2O
=36 Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis (in plants only)
the production of glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Ribosome
Production of proteins
STAAR Year Review
Eukaryotes
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Unicellular or multicellular
Membrane bound organelles
A Nucleus to store DNA
Kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Anamalia, Protista
Prokaryotes
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Unicellular (one cell)
No membrane bound organelles
No nucleus
Kingdoms: Eubacteria (everyday bacteria) and Archaebacteria (extreme environments)
Cells vs. Viruses
Viruses
Cells
-All living
things are
made of cells.
-Able to
metabolize
(make ATP)
-able to
reproduce on
its own
-Non-living
DNA
RNA
- must take
over a cell in
order to
reproduce
-lytic cycle
(short: Flu or
cold)
-lysogenic
(lifetime: HIV)
DNA- Storage of genetic information, the “blueprint” for life. How traits are passed from one
generation to the next.
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Monomer of DNA: Nucleotide
Components of a nucleotide:
o Phosphate
o Sugar
o Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
-A bond with T by 2 weak
hydrogen bonds
-G bonds with C by 3 weak
hydrogen bonds
STAAR Year Review
Protein Synthesis: Takes DNA’s genetic code and creates proteins that actually make up the body!
Steps of proteins synthesis:
1. Transcription: DNA  mRNA (messenger) DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
 mRNA messages are read in codons. It is this message that will be sent to the ribosome.
Example:
DNA
TAC GGG TCT GCA GAC ACT
mRNA AUG CCC AGA CGU CUG UGA
2. Translation: mRNA  protein (also known as a polypeptide)
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mRNA will travel out of the nucleus through the cell’s cytoplasm to the ribosome.
The ribosome reads the mRNA message and has tRNA bring it the amino acids that the
message calls for.
 The tRNA code is not referred to as a codon, it is called an anti-codon.
 The amino acids brought by tRNA are linked together by the ribosome to create a
protein!
Example:
mRNA AUG CCC AGA CGU CUG UGA Use this code for your chart!***
tRNA UAC GGG UCU GCA GAC ACU
Amino Acids Met-Pro-Arg-Arg-Leu- Stop
***Do you know how to use BOTH charts?***
STAAR Year Review
The Cell Cycle- only occurs in somatic cells (body cells) not gametes (sex cells). In order to
create TWO IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS.
iPMATc – The entire cell cycle
PMAT- Mitosis
o
o
o
o
o
o
i – interphase: interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle. The cell spends most of
its life in this stage. There are three phases within this stage.
 G1- “G= growth of the cell” . More organelles are produced and many proteins
are created.
 S- synthesis of DNA, aka replication of DNA, aka the making of DNA.
 G2- “G=growth of the cell” and preparation
P- Prophase: DNA created in the S phase is condensed into chromosomes.
M-Metaphase: The chromosomes created in prophase line up in the middle of the
nucleus.
A- Anaphase: The chromosomes pull apart to the poles of the nucleus.
T- Telophase: The chromosomes reach the poles and the nucleus forms a cleavage
furrow (dividing wall down the middle of the nucleus)
c-Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm and the entire cell. Now there are 2
identical daughter cells.
23
23
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
23
Anaphase
Telophase
STAAR Year Review
S phase of DNA- is the synthesis or REPLICATION of DNA
Steps of DNA Replication:
Meiosis- the creation of gametes (sperm and egg) which are haploid cells (half the number of
chromosomes),in order for organisms to reproduce. The number of chromosomes is halved. Each
daughter cell is different!
Steps:
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Meiosis 1- P1, M1, A1, T1 is much like mitosis. However, meiosis has crossing over during
prophase 1 of meiosis 1.
o Crossing over- homologous chromosomes (same chromosome from mom and dad)
switch genetic material in order that the offspring has varying traits from the mother
and father.
Meiosis 2- P2, M2, A2, T2 is much like mitosis again however the number of chromosomes are
halved in meiosis 2 to create haploid cells.
STAAR Year Review
Mendelian GeneticsGenetics- the study of inheritance.
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Trait- a characteristic such as EX: eye color, hair color, blood type
Allele- the different genes for a trait. EX: Blue eyes or brown eyes. Blonde hair or brown hair. A
or B blood type
Frequencey- how often something occurs.
Genotype- What the genes say
Phenotype- What the physical appearance is.
Dominant- a trait that will ALWAYS show up if present
Recessive- a trait that will only show up if there is not a dominant trait present.
Monohybrid- a cross concerning only ONE trait
Dihybrid- a cross concerning TWO traits
Heterozygous- a genotype in which there is a dominant and recessive trait EX: Bb
Homozygous Dominant- a genotype in which you receive a dominant trait from both parents.
Ex: BB
Homozygous Recessive- a genotype in which you receive a recessive trait from both parents. Ex:
bb
Monohybrid ProblemSet up the punnett square for each of the crosses listed below. The trait being studied is round seeds
(dominant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive)
Rr x rr
R
r
r
r
Genotype ratio-
RR:Rr:rr
Phenotype ratio- Round:Wrinkled
( Dominant appearance: Recessive appearance)
STAAR Year Review
Dihybrid Problem- You will use this method when crossing any two traits.
A pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow seeds is self fertilized, what
are the phenotypic ratios of the resulting offspring?
Step 1: Determine the parental genotypes from the text above, the word "heteroyzous" is the most
important clue, and you would also need to understand that self fertilized means you just cross it with
itself.
R
r
Y
y
xR
r
Y
y
Step 2: Determine the gametes. This might feel a little like the FOIL method you learned in math class.
Combine the R's and Ys of each parent to represent sperm and egg. Do this for both parents
Gametes: RY, Ry, rY, ry (parent 1) and RY, Ry, rY, ry (parent 2)
Step 3: Set up a large 4x4 Punnet square, place one gamete set from the parent on the top, and the
other on the side
Step 4: Write the genotypes of the offspring in each box and determine how many of each phenotype
you have. In this case, you will have 9 round, yellow; 3 round, green; 3 wrinkled, yellow; and 1 wrinkled
green.