Download I. Natural selection and human evolution

GHS Honors Biochemistry Curriculum
UNIT I: Enhancing and Evolving to “Perfection”?
IN YOUR TEXTBOOK:
Concepts of Evolution
Human Evolution
Molecular Biology of the Gene
Biotechnology
Meiosis and the Sexual Life Cycle
Patterns of Inheritance
Mutations, Radiation, and DNA Repair
SUPPLEMENTAL READING/SOURCES:
www.amnh.org
(American Museum of Natural History)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
(National Center for Biotechnology Information)
Biotechnology Explorer – pGLO Bacterial
Transformation Kit – Instructions Booklet
UNDERSTANDINGS:
Small changes have big effects as species evolve
We have the ability to manipulate the structures and
functions of living organisms
Manipulation of living organisms may have
unanticipated effects
There are limits to our ability to manipulate the
functions of biological structures
Balance is necessary for the health of living systems
We must make informed decisions despite
ambiguous evidence
Relative risk assessments must be made using the
best available data
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
How does structure determine function?
How are biological structures formed and maintained?
How do biological structures change over time?
What happens when things go wrong?
How are biological structures replicated?
What does it mean to be alive?
Are there limits to our performance?
How are we genetically modifying things?
How are biochemical processes harnessed to meet the
needs of human society?
STUDENTS WILL KNOW:
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
I. Natural selection and human evolution
a. Variation and natural selection are the driving
forces behind evolution.
b. Biologists use a variety of evidences to
demonstrate evolutionary history and
relationships, including fossil, anatomical and
biochemical evidence.
c. Modern humans have accumulated heritable
structural and behavioral adaptations that
increase the likelihood of survival.
Explain how the processes of genetic mutation and
natural selection are related to the evolution of species.
Describe how structural and behavioral adaptations
increase the chances for organisms to survive in their
environments.
Identify and describe heritable structural and/or
behavioral adaptations that distinguish modern humans
from more primitive hominids.
Explain how the current theory of evolution provides a
scientific explanation for fossil records of ancient life
forms.
II. Human impact on evolution: antibiotic resistance
a. Human activity has unanticipated effects on the
evolution of organisms.
b. Antibiotic resistant bacteria have arisen as a
direct result of human use of antibiotics.
c. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial
infections (but not viral infections) in humans
due to differences and similarities between:
bacteria and viruses, eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells, plant and animal cells, and bacteria and
viruses.
Describe antibiotic resistance as an example of
evolution by natural selection.
Describe human activities that have contributed to the
evolution of antibiotic resistance, evaluate its impact on
society, and develop strategies to prevent the spread of
antibiotic resistance.
Conduct an experiment to evaluate the spread of
antibiotic resistance in cultured bacteria.
Describe similarities and differences between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, plant and animal cells,
and bacteria and viruses and relate these differences to
the use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases.
III. DNA structure
a. The type of bonds within DNA and how they
impact the structure and function of DNA.
b. The four different nucleotide monomers can be
assembled into an infinite variety of linear DNA
polymers.
c. How the process of DNA replication provides
both heritability and variation.
IV. Protein synthesis
a. Specific proteins perform many functions in
cells.
b. The Central Dogma (DNA to RNA to protein)
represents a major framework for understanding
how genotype determines phenotype.
c. A change in the nucleotide sequence (mutation)
of a gene may cause a change in the function of
a protein, thereby changing the phenotype of an
organism.
V. Inheritance
a. Variation is generated by meiosis and
fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms.
b. In some instances, we can predict patterns of
inheritance for defined traits using Punnett
Squares and pedigrees.
c. Many factors determine whether a genetic
disorder will persist in the human population.
VI. Human impact on evolution: genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)
a. Humans are intentionally altering genes and
traits in organisms by genetic engineering.
b. Humans genetically engineer organisms using
various techniques and tools.
c. There are benefits and potential risks of genetic
engineering.
Construct and describe a 3D model of DNA, including
the types of chemical bonds involved.
Explain how nucleotide monomers are assembled into
an infinite variety of linear DNA polymers.
Explain how the chemical structure of the DNA
polymer affects its properties and function.
Describe the general role of DNA and RNA in protein
synthesis.
Compare alleles of a gene and determine if the
nucleotide sequence change will change the amino acid
sequence of the encoded protein.
Explain how meiosis and sexual reproduction
contribute to the genetic variation of organisms.
Use the Punnett Square technique to predict the
distribution of traits in mono- and di-hybrid crosses.
Deduce the probable mode of inheritance of a trait
(dominant or recessive) from pedigree diagrams
showing phenotypes.
Describe the differences between genetic disorders and
infectious diseases.
Describe, in general terms, how the genetic information
of organisms can be altered to make them produce new
materials.
Explain the risks and benefits of altering the genetic
composition and cell products of existing organisms
Research and defend a position in favor of or opposed
to the use of genetically modified foods (GMFs).
Unit Vocabulary
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Evolution
Species
Population
Adaptation
Variation
Natural selection
“Fitness”
Fossils / fossil record
Biochemical evidence
Anatomy
Homologous structures
Analogous structures
Vestigial structures
Evolutionary tree
Common ancestor
Antibiotic
Antibiotic resistance
Pathogen
Bacteria
Virus
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
DNA
Nucleotide
The three parts of a nucleotide are…
The five nitrogenous bases are…
DNA Replication
Helicase
DNA polymerase
Chromosome
Protein
Polypeptide
Amino acid
Transcription
Translation
Codon
RNA polymerase
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosome
Mutation
Mutagen
42. Point mutation
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Frameshift mutation
Gene
Gametes
Somatic cells
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Karyotype
Homologous chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
Autosomes
Diploid
Haploid
Meiosis
Fertilization
Zygote
Independent orientation
Crossing over
Genetic recombination
Nondisjunction
Down syndrome
Trait
Phenotype
Genotype
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Punnett square
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Carrier
Pedigree
E. coli
Plasmid
Restriction enzyme
DNA ligase
Recombinant DNA
Transformation
Genetically modified organism (GMO)
Genetically modified food (GMF)