* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
Survey
Document related concepts
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Study Guide for CCP Biology mid-term Exam Chapter 1: The Science of Biology You should know: The characteristics of all living things. The steps of the scientific method (in the proper order). The difference between independent (experimental) variables and dependent variables. The importance of controls in an experiment. Describe the three main types of microscopes and what each is used for. Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life You should be able to: List the importance (to living things) of each of the following: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Describe the unusual properties of water. Describe the role and function of enzymes in organisms. Chapter 7: Cell structure and Function You should be able to: Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including examples. List the three ideas of the modern cell theory. Describe the effects of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on living cells. Describe the purpose and function of each of these organelles: cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast and vacuole. Chapter 8 and 9: Cell Energy—Photosynthesis and Respiration You should be able to: List the energy source used by cells and where in that molecule the energy is stored. Describe the reaction (chemicals and conditions) that represents photosynthesis. Describe the reaction (chemicals and conditions) that represents cellular respiration. Describe the conditions under which cells use fermentation and products of the process. Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division You should be able to: Explain the limits of cell size (i.e. Why are all cells small?) Compare mitosis and meiosis. Describe the control of the normal cell cycle, and what can cause uncontrolled cell growth. Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics You should be able to: Identify the first researcher in genetics and what organism he studied. Solve basic genetics problems using a Punnet square. Explain the importance of segregation of alleles to genetic outcome. Explain why it is critical to organisms that at the end of meiosis there are only ½ the number of chromosomes in a gamete as there is in a body cell. Chapter 12 and 13: DNA and RNA You should be able to: Describe the shape and structure of a DNA molecule. Identify the nitrogen bases of DNA. Be sure to know which bases match up with each other. Explain what RNA is, and how it is different than DNA. Explain the process that allows proteins to be made in ribosomes outside the nucleus using a DNA code that is on a chromosome inside the nucleus. *Hint: what are used to read and transfer the code? Describe types of mutations and the possible effects of them. Chapter 14: Human Heredity You should be able to: Explain how to recognize dominant, recessive, incomplete dominant, codominant and sex-linked inheritance by looking at traits in offspring. Analyze a pedigree. Explain the use of a karyotype. Explain non-disjunction and its possible results. Chapter 15: Genetic Engineering You should be able to: Explain the importance of selective breeding to humans. Summarize the process of genetic engineering. List the benefits of genetic engineering to humans. Describe the genetic makeup of clones relative to their parent and other non-clone organisms. Explain the importance of the Human Genome Project. Chapter 16 and 17: Evolution and The Origin of Life You should be able to: Identify who wrote The Origin of Species and is associated with the theory of evolution. Summarize “natural selection” and compare it to Lamarck’s theory of acquired traits. Define and give examples of homologous, analogous and vestigial structures. Describe the importance of fossils to the understanding of evolution. Explain why variation is the key to natural selection. Describe the processes of stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection and the selective pressures that lead to each. Describe the theory of the origin of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.