Download Cole Research RCST 4029B Offic

Bekir Cinar, PhD
Associate Professor of Biological Sciences
CBIO 390‐01 Course Instructor
Office: Cole Research RCST 4029B
Office Hours: MWF 1:00‐2:00 PM
Welcome to Mother of Science!!!
Biochemistry: A Short Course
Third Edition
Lecture 1: 8/19
CHAPTER 1
Biochemistry and
the Unity of Life
© 2015 W. H. Freeman and Company
Biochemistry
• Understand the cellular activity at the molecular level – molecular activity at the cellular level
• Understand the effects of molecular changes at the organismic level – how molecular changes affects the life of an organism
Chapter 1: Outline
Bacteria and Elephant Have Remarkably
Similar Biochemical Processes
Many years of biochemical research have concluded that
organisms are extraordinarily uniform at the molecular level
1.1 Living Systems Require a Limited Variety of Atoms and Molecules
Of the 90 naturally occurring elements, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon make up 98% of the atoms in any organism.
Hydrogen and oxygen are so prevalent because of the ubiquity of water.
Carbon is uniquely suited to be a key atom of biomolecules.
List of Elements and their Composition in
1)
2)
3)
4)
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
1) Proteins
Proteins are Highly Versatile Biomolecules
Proteins have many roles such as signal molecules, receptors for signal molecules and enzymes, biological catalysts.
Protein folding
What is key component of a protein, which determines the 3D structure of a protein?
2) Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are the Information Molecules of the Cell
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
There are two types of nucleic acids:
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) consists of a double helix of polymers made up of deoxyribose, phosphate, and four bases: A, G, C, and T. In the double helix, A pairs with T, and G pairs with C.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a single‐stranded polymer made up of ribose; phosphate ; and the bases A, G, C and U.
The structure of a nucleotide
The double helix DNA
Two individual chains of DNA interact to form a double helix.
How? What forces can bring ssDNA to form dsDNA?
3) Lipids
Lipids Are a Storage Form of Fuel and Serve As a Barrier
A key property of lipids is that they have hydrophilic and hydrophobic
properties.
Lipids form barriers, called membranes, that allow compartmentalization.
Lipids also function as fuel molecules and signal molecules.
The dual properties of lipids
In water, lipids can form a bilayer,
constituting a barrier that separates two aqueous compartments
4) Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates Are Fuels and Informational Molecules
Carbohydrates are an important fuel source. Glucose is a common carbohydrate.
Glucose is stored as glycogen in animals.
Carbohydrates are also important signal molecules, notably in cell‐cell recognition.
The structure of glycogen,
a branched polymer composed of glucose molecules
The central dogma states that information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
Moreover, DNA is replicated.
DNA replication
DNA is heritable information: the genome. DNA is replicated by a group of enzymes collectively called DNA polymerase.
RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription: the process of copying DNA information into RNA.
Selective transcription of the genome defines the function of a cell or tissue. What does this mean?
The transcription of RNA
RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription: the process of copying DNA information into RNA.
Selective transcription of the genome defines the function of a cell or tissue.
Translation takes place on ribosomes
A membrane is a lipid bilayer.
Eukaryotes contain membrane‐enclosed compartments inside the cell.
Prokaryotes lack intracellular membranes.
The bilayer structure of a membrane.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
The plasma membrane separates the inside of the cell from the outside.
The plasma membrane is impermeable to most biomolecules.
Selective permeability occurs because of the presence of proteins associated with the membrane. Membrane proteins
Proteins, embedded (yellow) in
membranes and attached (blue) to them,
permit the exchange of material and
information with the environment
The plasma membrane of a plant cell is surrounded by a cell wall composed largely
of cellulose, a linear polymer of glucose.
Large vacuoles, unique to plants, store water, ions, and various nutrients. A plant cell
The cytoplasm is the part of the cell surrounded by the plasma membrane but not enclosed by any intracellular membranes.
The cytoplasm is organized by a series of structural filaments called the cytoskeleton.
Biochemical functions are sequestered in cellular compartments.
The nucleus is the information center of the cell.
The cytoskeleton
The nucleus
Mitochondria are the primary site of ATP generation in eukaryotic cells.
Chloroplasts, found in plant cells, are the site of photosynthesis.
The mitochondrion
Cyanide and carbon monoxide are deadly poisonous molecule.
How do they kill an organism?
Some organelles process and sort proteins, and exchange material with the environment.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of membranous sacs in the cytoplasm.
There are two types of ER: • Rough ER is has ribosomes associated with it and plays a role in protein processing.
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and plays a variety of biochemical roles.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
The Golgi complex is a series of stacked membranes that play a role in protein sorting. Carbohydrates are also attached to proteins in the Golgi complex.
Proteins are shuttled from the rough ER to the Golgi complex by secretory vesicles.
Exocytosis
Secretory granules secrete biomolecules in the process of exocytosis
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a means of bringing crucial biomolecules into the cell
An endosome is the structure that forms when the plasma membrane invaginates and buds off.
Phagocytosis
A lysosome
Lysosomes contain a variety of digestive enzymes. Lysosomes fuse with endosomes to digest material brought into the cell.
Next Lecture is on:
Water, Weak Bonds, and the
Generation of Order Out of Chaos
Please read chapter 2 prior to
lecture on Monday!!