Download EOC Checklist

Name:_____________________________________
Date:_________
Period:________
Directions: Use this checklist to help you review this year’s information. If there is a blank, fill in the answer to
help you study. 
Chapter 1
 I know the steps of the scientific method.
 I know the difference between an independent and dependent variable. A
___________________________ is measured, and changes in relation to the changes in the
___________________________, which is what I change in the experiment.
 I have reviewed Pasteur’s test of spontaneous generation. Basically,
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 2:
 I have reviewed ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Ionic bonds are when electrons are
____________________ from one to another. Covalent bonds are when electrons are
____________________ between atoms, and hydrogen bonds are formed when the slightly
______________ side of a molecule bonds with the slightly negative side of another molecule.
 Cohesion is when water molecules stick to ________________ molecules. Adhesion is when water
molecules stick to _______________ molecules.
 An acid is any compound that forms _____________ ions in a solution. A base is any compound that
produces _________ ions in a solution.
 What are buffers?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 I know my macromolecules. The monomers of proteins are ___________________, the monomers of
nucleic acids are __________________, the monomers of starches are ____________________, and
lipids are made of triglycerides.
 I have reviewed positive tests for simple sugars, starches, lipids, and proteins.
 An enzyme is a biological __________________, which means it _____________ the activation energy
(the energy needed to start a reaction) of a reaction.
Chapter 3:
 The flow of energy is ____________________, meaning it passes from one organism to the next.
 Detritivores feed on _________________________, whereas decomposers break down
________________________________.
 Only about __________ of the energy available at one trophic level is passed on to the next (higher)
level.
 An energy pyramid shows the relative amount of ___________ that is transferred from one trophic
level to the next. A biomass pyramid shows the amount of living _________________ matter at each
trophic level. A pyramid of numbers shows the relative numbers of __________________ living at each
trophic level.
 I have looked over my Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous cycles, and I know basic
relationships and definitions.
 The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are
nitrogen-fixing _______________________________.
 What is denitrification? What is nitrogen fixation?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 4 & 5:
 How are climate zones determined?______________________________________________________.
 An estuary is a wetland where there is ____________________________________ water that is mixed
together.
 I have checked over my community interactions, such as: symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, and
parasitism), and predation.
 I know the difference between primary and secondary succession.
 The “steps” of organisms that show up in primary succession are pioneer species, such as
___________________  then _______________________  then ___________________, and
finally mature trees.
 I have checked back over carrying capacity, exponential growth, and logistic growth.
 I know the difference between density dependent and density independent factors, and how they
affect populations.
 Please go back over your biomes! This is what most people missed on this quiz, and is simply
memorization!
Chapter 6:
 Biological magnification is when concentrations of a harmful substance ______________ as it moves
up the trophic levels in a food web or chain. Organisms at the top will be _______________ likely to be
affected and harmed.
 I remember what can happen when you introduce a nonnative species into an ecosystem.
Chapter 7:
 The three components of the cell theory are that:
o ______________________________________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________________________________
 I have reviewed all of the functions of the cellular organelles.
 I have reviewed the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 The cell membrane is also called a _____________________________________, and is made up of
primarily lipids with proteins mixed in.
 I have reviewed active and passive transport.
 Diffusion is the movement of a particle from a ___________ to ________ concentration. It is a type of
___________________ transport. Osmosis is the _________________ of water, from a high
concentration of WATER to a low concentration of WATER. (Meaning, water will always move to where
there are MORE particles dissolved in it.)
 Facilitated diffusion is used when particles cannot move across the cell membrane on their own, so
they use ___________________________. Still, it is a type of _______________ transport, and
requires no energy.
 Active transport moves particles against their concentration gradient, from _________ to ________
concentrations.
 I have reviewed endocytosis and exocytosis, both of which are types of active transport, because the
cell membrane is moving, which requires ATP.
 Phagocytosis is when the cell is bringing in _______________, pinocytosis is when the cell is bringing in
______________.
 If I place an animal cell in a hypotonic environment, water will _____________________, causing the
cell to ________________.
 If I place a cell in a hypertonic environment, water will _____________________, causing the cell to
__________________.
 In an isotonic environment, there will be NO NET movement of water, because the concentrations of
the solutions inside and outside of the cell are _______________________.
Chapter 8:
 I have reviewed how ADP becomes ATP.
 I know the equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and understand they are the
_______________ of each other.
 Where, specifically, do the light reactions occur in the chloroplast?
____________________________________________________________________________________
 Where, specifically, do the dark reactions occur in the chloroplast?
____________________________________________________________________________________
 Basically, in the light reactions, this is what happens:
o Photosystem _____ uses light from the sun to _________ water. High-energy electrons move
down the ____________________, and use their energy to push H+ ions into the inner
_____________________ space. Then, Photosystem ____ picks up the electrons whose energy
has been used, and re-energizes them, and then uses that energy to crate NADPH from NADP+.
The last step is when _____________________ uses the H+ ions to create ATP.
 Basically, in the dark reactions (also called the ___________________________), this is what happens:
o First, C02 enters the cycle during carbon fixation, and a 6 carbon compound is made that
immediately breaks into two ___________ carbon compounds.
o Then, bonds are moved around, and energy is used, to create higher energy carbon compounds
and then ________________ (a sugar).
o Last, the carbons are broken off and moved around, until the beginning carbon compound is
________________.
 I have reviewed the factors that affect photosynthesis.
Chapter 9:
 I know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes.
 Glycolysis, the ___________ step in cellular respiration, occurs in the ___________________.
 The Krebs cycle (also called the _____________________________), occurs in the _________________
of the mitochondria.
 The Electron transport chain occurs in the _____________________________ of the mitochondria.
 In glycolysis, we are breaking _________________ into two molecules of __________________. We
get a net of ______ ATP in doing this. It does not require oxygen, and therefore is ________________.
 In the Krebs cycle, we take a four-carbon sugar (oxaloacetate) and combine it with a ______ carbon
sugar called _______________________. Then, bonds are broken and moved areound, which release
energy. We capture that energy in the form of 3 _______________, 1 ____________, and 1 ________
PER Turn, meaning we double that per glucose molecule.
 The electron transport chain uses the _______________________________ electrons from the Krebs
cycle and from glycolysis to create __________. It happens very much like the dark reactions in
photosynthesis.
Chapter 10:
 A cell’s volume as it grows increases much faster than its surface area. So, when a cell gets too large, it
must either _______________ or it will die.
 I have reviewed the cell cycle.
 I have reviewed the steps of mitosis, and could identify a picture of each step.
 Cytokinesis is not part of mitosis. It is division of the ___________________, whereas mitosis is division
of the ________________.
Chapter 11:
 True breeding means something is genetically ______________________, meaning both alleles are the
same.
 A genetic “hybrid” is a _______________________ individual, meaning it has two different alleles.
 I have reviewed genotypes versus phenotypes, and how their ratios are determined.
 I have reviewed simple Punnett squares.
 I have reviewed co-dominance.
 I have reviewed incomplete dominance.
 I have reviewed dihybrid crosses.
 Independent assortment means that one gene and the way it separates will not affect another gene
and the ways it separates. Independent assortment will happen if the genes are located on
___________________ chromosomes.
 In dihybrid crosses, if two genes assort independently from each other, and if the organisms being
crossed are heterozygous for both traits being crossed, the phenotypic ration of their offspring will be
________________________.
 Polygenic traits are traits where more than one ________ affects the phenotype. An example of a
polygenic trait would be: _________________________.
 I have reviewed what is means to be diploid, haploid, and polyploid.
 I have reviewed the steps of meiosis.
o It is used in the production of ___________________, which are sperm and egg cells.
o It has ___________ divisions, whereas mitosis has ___________ division.
o The daughter cells from meiosis are genetically ________________ to each other, because in
_____________________ they switch some genetic material.
o A tetrad is _________________________________________________________________, and
it is found in (which stage) ____________________________ of meiosis.
 Genes that do not assort independently are said to be ______________________, and this was
discovered by __________________________________ (a scientist).
Chapter 12:
 I have reviewed Griffith and Avery’s experiment. Basically:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 I have reviewed the Hershey-Chase experiment. Basically:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 I have reviewed what Watson, Crick, and Rosalind Franklin discovered.
 Chargaff’s rules state that there are equal amounts of _____________ and ____________, and of
____________ and ______________ in DNA.
 Proteins that DNA coils around in order to condense into chromosomes are called _____________.
 I have reviewed DNA replication. Basically,
o Helicase _______________ the DNA strands, which allows the nitrogen bases to be exposed.
o Then, DNA polymerase moves along the strand, adding _________________ (opposite)
nucleotides to the strand. These make hydrogen bonds with the bases. It moves in a _____ to
____ direction.
o The leading strand replicates ____________________, from beginning to end. The lagging
strand replicates in pieces, called __________________________________.
o Finally, the DNA backbone is bonded together by ________________ bonds.
 I have reviewed Protein synthesis.
 The first step of Protein synthesis is _________________, where we are making a ___________ from a
DNA strand. Basically,
o RNA polymerase separates the __________ strands.
o Then, it uses one strand of DNA as a ________________, in order to “copy” the genetic
information into a “code” of mRNA.
o The mRNA that is made contains nucleotides that are grouped into groups of three, known as
_________________.
o All of this process occurs in the __________________ of eukaryotic organisms.
 The second step of protein synthesis is ___________________, where we are making a
_____________________ by reading the code on the ___________ molecule. Basically,
o The mRNA moves to the cytoplasm, where a ________________ attaches to it.
o Then, the ribosome “reads” the mRNA strand, and ____________ molecules bring the amino
acids that “match up” with the __________ on the mRNA.
o The nucleotide bases on the tRNA are called ___________________, and are opposite of the
codons on the mRNA.
o A peptide bond is made as one amino acid is brought to another, and then the ribosome moves
on to tread the next codon.
o At the end, a _____________ codon is reached on the mRNA, which tells the ribosome to come
apart, releasing the mRNA and the completed polypeptide.
o There is _______ tRNA molecule that matches up with a stop codon!
 I know how to read a codon chart, and I know that I MUST MAKE SURE I am reading the MRNA!!
o So! If it’s DNA that is given to me, I must convert it to mRNA!!
o If I have a strand of DNA that reads ATGC, then my mRNA will read_______________.
 I have reviewed mutations, and know the difference between: point mutations, frameshift mutations
(deletions and insertions), and chromosomal mutations (deletions, duplications, inversions, and
translocations).
Chapter 13:
 I know the difference between selective breeding, hybridization, and inbreeding.
 A molecule that contains DNA from two different organisms (species) is called
_____________________________________.
 List the steps for producing recombinant DNA:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 PCR is the acronym for ______________________________________________. It is used for making
_______________________________________________________________________.





o The first step is called _____________________, which separates the ________________ of
fragment DNA.
o The next step is called _____________________, which attaches ___________ to the DNA
fragment.
o The last step is called _____________________, where ______________________ (a special
type of DNA polymerase that can withstand high temperatures) attaches nitrogenous bases to
the fragment of DNA to create a copy.
Gel electrophoresis is used for separating fragments of DNA based on their ____________ or polarity.
o First, you mix samples of DNA with _________________________________, which “cut” DNA
into different lengths based on specific recognition sequences.
o Then, you load the samples into wells, and turn on the electricity.
o The fragments will separate, with the ____________ fragments moving further and the
_______________ fragments moving less.
Plasmids are __________________________________________, and are very useful in making
transgenic organisms.
o First, you use ______________________________ to separate the gene you are interested in
from the host organism, and then to “break open” the plasmid.
o Then, the fragment is attached to the plasmid, to create a ______________________ plasmid.
o Last, the recombined plasmid is inserted into the bacteria, which can then produce the protein
that the gene coded for.
I have reviewed clones, and the process for making a clone. If there is a question about clones, and it
mentions something about “ethical issues”, I would bet that that is the answer.
An INCREASE in genetic variation can be achieved by:
____________________________________________________________________________________
What are telomeres?
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 14:
 I have reviewed what karyotypes are, and what autosomes are.
 I have reviewed genetic disorders, and know which are caused by autosomal recessive traits, which are
caused by autosomal dominant traits, and which are cause by sex-linked recessive traits.
o In order for someone to display (have) a recessive disorder, they need _____ copy(ies) of the
allele.
o In order for someone to display (have) a dominant disorder, they need ____ copy(ies) of the
allele.
o In sex-linked traits (X-linked) females need ____ copy(ies) but males only have to have ____
copy(ies), because females have ____ X chromosome(s) and males have ____ X
Chromosome(s).
o So! Sex-linked traits (X-linked) show up __________ often in males than in females.
 When looking a pedigree charts, first you determine whether or not the trait is
__________________________ or __________________________.
o You do this by looking at the number of females affected compared to the males.
o If they are about equal, it is probably _______________________.
o If more males are affected, it is probably ______________________.
 Then, you determine if it is _______________________ or ______________________.
o If it is ________________________, it probably DOES NOT skip a generation, AND if a child has
it, then one of their parents MUST also have it.
o If it is ________________________, it may SKIP generations, and parents of children affected
may or MAY NOT have the disorder.
 What is nondisjunction? _______________________________________________________________.
o In autosomes, it can cause disorders such as __________________________________.
o In sex cells, it can cause disorders such as ____________________________________.
 DNA fingerprinting is a process that helps scientists identify individuals based on their genetic code.
Family members will have more similar code than people who are unrelated. It often uses gel
electrophoresis to see what fragments are made. The more similar the bands in the gel are, the more
closely related people are.
Chapter 15:
 Darwin is credited for the theory of ____________________________________, which relies on the
fact that the organisms of a species which are the best adapted to their environment will survive. It is
often called “survival of the fittest”.
 Another Scientist, named Lamark, thought that organisms evolved based on whether or not they used
something in new ways. For example, he thought that giraffes could grow longer necks by reaching up
to higher leaves. He has been disproven.
 I have looked at the difference between artificial and natural selection. (Humans choosing traits is
artificial selection. Natural selection is based on what is better adapted to a particular environment.)
 I know the difference between homologous and analogous structures. Homologous ones come from a
____________________ ancestor. Analogous ones are a result of __________________ evolution,
when two organisms (who do not share a recent common ancestor) develop similar characteristics
because of the way they have adapted to their environment. THINK analogy
Chapter 16:
 I have reviewed directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection on polygenic traits.
o Directional selection causes a change towards one end of the spectrum (large beaks OR small
beaks.)
o Stabilizing selection causes a change towards an intermediate phenotype (medium sized beaks)
o Disruptive selection causes a change towards BOTH ends of the spectrum and AWAY from the
intermediate phenotype (BOTH little and BIG beaks, but NOT medium sized ones.)
 I have reviewed the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, which is a NULL theory for evolution, or genetic
frequency change (if evolution is NOT occurring, then these things must be true)
o There is __________________ mating. (Organisms have no preference in who they mate with).
o There is a _________________ population.
o There is no _________________ into or out of the population (genes aren’t leaving or coming
in)
o There is no __________________ selection.
 The process of speciation means one species is evolving into more than one species. It occurs when
populations become reproductively isolated from each other.
o Behavioral Isolation means that two populations are capable of interbreeding, but have
differences in __________________ rituals or other reproductive strategies that involve
behavior.
o Geographic Isolation means that two populations are ________________ by physical barriers
such as rivers or mountains.
o Temporal Isolation means that two species reproduce at _______________ times, or seasons.
Chapter 17:
 Evidences for evolution include:
o The fossil record.
o Carbon (radioactive) dating
o Comparative anatomy
o DNA similarities
 I remember the endosymbiotic theory.
 I know what adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, and coevolution means, and could pick out an
example.
 I understand the difference between punctuated and graduated equilibrium.
o Punctuated means you have long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid change.
o Graduated means that change occurs constantly, but slowly, over time.
Chapter 18:
 I understand what taxonomy is, and binomial classification.
 ___________________________ is the person who developed our system of classification.
 There are eight levels:
o Starting with the most inclusive (domain)  ________________  _______________ 
_______________  _______________  _________________  _____________  species
(least inclusive).
o Scientific names include the _____________, which is capitalized, and the ____________,
which is lowercased. It is always italicized.
 I know the difference between phylogenetic trees and cladograms
o Phylogenetic trees classify organisms using line that represent evolutionary descent.
o Cladograms classify animals according to derived characters, or new traits that arise over time,
that weren’t seen in any of the earlier ancestors of the animal.
o In either one, in order to find the most closely related animal to a species, you start at the
species and then move backward, until you reach the closest “branch”. That animal coming off
of the branch is the most closely related.
 I know the basic differences between the three domains:
o Eukarya Protista, fungi, plantae, Animalia
o Bacteria  prokaryotic organisms that are the bacteria that we think about, such as E. coli and
Salmonella.
o Archaea prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments such as volcanic hot
springs, brine pools, and black mud completely devoid of oxygen.
 I can use dichotomous trees are to classify organisms.
o “Di” means two and dichotomous relates to “two choices”
o You start at the top and follow it down, and move to each question as it tells you too, kind of
like playing “guess who”
 Ex. “Dichotomous key for leaves”
1. Compound or simple leaf:
o Compound  go to 2
o Simple  go to 4
2. Arrangement of leaflets:
o Palmate arrangement  Aesculus (buckeye)
o Pinnate  go to 3
3. … and so on. 