* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download EOC Checklist
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Name:_____________________________________ Date:_________ Period:________ Directions: Use this checklist to help you review this year’s information. If there is a blank, fill in the answer to help you study. Chapter 1 I know the steps of the scientific method. I know the difference between an independent and dependent variable. A ___________________________ is measured, and changes in relation to the changes in the ___________________________, which is what I change in the experiment. I have reviewed Pasteur’s test of spontaneous generation. Basically, ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2: I have reviewed ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Ionic bonds are when electrons are ____________________ from one to another. Covalent bonds are when electrons are ____________________ between atoms, and hydrogen bonds are formed when the slightly ______________ side of a molecule bonds with the slightly negative side of another molecule. Cohesion is when water molecules stick to ________________ molecules. Adhesion is when water molecules stick to _______________ molecules. An acid is any compound that forms _____________ ions in a solution. A base is any compound that produces _________ ions in a solution. What are buffers? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ I know my macromolecules. The monomers of proteins are ___________________, the monomers of nucleic acids are __________________, the monomers of starches are ____________________, and lipids are made of triglycerides. I have reviewed positive tests for simple sugars, starches, lipids, and proteins. An enzyme is a biological __________________, which means it _____________ the activation energy (the energy needed to start a reaction) of a reaction. Chapter 3: The flow of energy is ____________________, meaning it passes from one organism to the next. Detritivores feed on _________________________, whereas decomposers break down ________________________________. Only about __________ of the energy available at one trophic level is passed on to the next (higher) level. An energy pyramid shows the relative amount of ___________ that is transferred from one trophic level to the next. A biomass pyramid shows the amount of living _________________ matter at each trophic level. A pyramid of numbers shows the relative numbers of __________________ living at each trophic level. I have looked over my Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous cycles, and I know basic relationships and definitions. The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing _______________________________. What is denitrification? What is nitrogen fixation? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 4 & 5: How are climate zones determined?______________________________________________________. An estuary is a wetland where there is ____________________________________ water that is mixed together. I have checked over my community interactions, such as: symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism), and predation. I know the difference between primary and secondary succession. The “steps” of organisms that show up in primary succession are pioneer species, such as ___________________ then _______________________ then ___________________, and finally mature trees. I have checked back over carrying capacity, exponential growth, and logistic growth. I know the difference between density dependent and density independent factors, and how they affect populations. Please go back over your biomes! This is what most people missed on this quiz, and is simply memorization! Chapter 6: Biological magnification is when concentrations of a harmful substance ______________ as it moves up the trophic levels in a food web or chain. Organisms at the top will be _______________ likely to be affected and harmed. I remember what can happen when you introduce a nonnative species into an ecosystem. Chapter 7: The three components of the cell theory are that: o ______________________________________________________________________________ o ______________________________________________________________________________ o ______________________________________________________________________________ I have reviewed all of the functions of the cellular organelles. I have reviewed the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The cell membrane is also called a _____________________________________, and is made up of primarily lipids with proteins mixed in. I have reviewed active and passive transport. Diffusion is the movement of a particle from a ___________ to ________ concentration. It is a type of ___________________ transport. Osmosis is the _________________ of water, from a high concentration of WATER to a low concentration of WATER. (Meaning, water will always move to where there are MORE particles dissolved in it.) Facilitated diffusion is used when particles cannot move across the cell membrane on their own, so they use ___________________________. Still, it is a type of _______________ transport, and requires no energy. Active transport moves particles against their concentration gradient, from _________ to ________ concentrations. I have reviewed endocytosis and exocytosis, both of which are types of active transport, because the cell membrane is moving, which requires ATP. Phagocytosis is when the cell is bringing in _______________, pinocytosis is when the cell is bringing in ______________. If I place an animal cell in a hypotonic environment, water will _____________________, causing the cell to ________________. If I place a cell in a hypertonic environment, water will _____________________, causing the cell to __________________. In an isotonic environment, there will be NO NET movement of water, because the concentrations of the solutions inside and outside of the cell are _______________________. Chapter 8: I have reviewed how ADP becomes ATP. I know the equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and understand they are the _______________ of each other. Where, specifically, do the light reactions occur in the chloroplast? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Where, specifically, do the dark reactions occur in the chloroplast? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Basically, in the light reactions, this is what happens: o Photosystem _____ uses light from the sun to _________ water. High-energy electrons move down the ____________________, and use their energy to push H+ ions into the inner _____________________ space. Then, Photosystem ____ picks up the electrons whose energy has been used, and re-energizes them, and then uses that energy to crate NADPH from NADP+. The last step is when _____________________ uses the H+ ions to create ATP. Basically, in the dark reactions (also called the ___________________________), this is what happens: o First, C02 enters the cycle during carbon fixation, and a 6 carbon compound is made that immediately breaks into two ___________ carbon compounds. o Then, bonds are moved around, and energy is used, to create higher energy carbon compounds and then ________________ (a sugar). o Last, the carbons are broken off and moved around, until the beginning carbon compound is ________________. I have reviewed the factors that affect photosynthesis. Chapter 9: I know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes. Glycolysis, the ___________ step in cellular respiration, occurs in the ___________________. The Krebs cycle (also called the _____________________________), occurs in the _________________ of the mitochondria. The Electron transport chain occurs in the _____________________________ of the mitochondria. In glycolysis, we are breaking _________________ into two molecules of __________________. We get a net of ______ ATP in doing this. It does not require oxygen, and therefore is ________________. In the Krebs cycle, we take a four-carbon sugar (oxaloacetate) and combine it with a ______ carbon sugar called _______________________. Then, bonds are broken and moved areound, which release energy. We capture that energy in the form of 3 _______________, 1 ____________, and 1 ________ PER Turn, meaning we double that per glucose molecule. The electron transport chain uses the _______________________________ electrons from the Krebs cycle and from glycolysis to create __________. It happens very much like the dark reactions in photosynthesis. Chapter 10: A cell’s volume as it grows increases much faster than its surface area. So, when a cell gets too large, it must either _______________ or it will die. I have reviewed the cell cycle. I have reviewed the steps of mitosis, and could identify a picture of each step. Cytokinesis is not part of mitosis. It is division of the ___________________, whereas mitosis is division of the ________________. Chapter 11: True breeding means something is genetically ______________________, meaning both alleles are the same. A genetic “hybrid” is a _______________________ individual, meaning it has two different alleles. I have reviewed genotypes versus phenotypes, and how their ratios are determined. I have reviewed simple Punnett squares. I have reviewed co-dominance. I have reviewed incomplete dominance. I have reviewed dihybrid crosses. Independent assortment means that one gene and the way it separates will not affect another gene and the ways it separates. Independent assortment will happen if the genes are located on ___________________ chromosomes. In dihybrid crosses, if two genes assort independently from each other, and if the organisms being crossed are heterozygous for both traits being crossed, the phenotypic ration of their offspring will be ________________________. Polygenic traits are traits where more than one ________ affects the phenotype. An example of a polygenic trait would be: _________________________. I have reviewed what is means to be diploid, haploid, and polyploid. I have reviewed the steps of meiosis. o It is used in the production of ___________________, which are sperm and egg cells. o It has ___________ divisions, whereas mitosis has ___________ division. o The daughter cells from meiosis are genetically ________________ to each other, because in _____________________ they switch some genetic material. o A tetrad is _________________________________________________________________, and it is found in (which stage) ____________________________ of meiosis. Genes that do not assort independently are said to be ______________________, and this was discovered by __________________________________ (a scientist). Chapter 12: I have reviewed Griffith and Avery’s experiment. Basically: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ I have reviewed the Hershey-Chase experiment. Basically: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ I have reviewed what Watson, Crick, and Rosalind Franklin discovered. Chargaff’s rules state that there are equal amounts of _____________ and ____________, and of ____________ and ______________ in DNA. Proteins that DNA coils around in order to condense into chromosomes are called _____________. I have reviewed DNA replication. Basically, o Helicase _______________ the DNA strands, which allows the nitrogen bases to be exposed. o Then, DNA polymerase moves along the strand, adding _________________ (opposite) nucleotides to the strand. These make hydrogen bonds with the bases. It moves in a _____ to ____ direction. o The leading strand replicates ____________________, from beginning to end. The lagging strand replicates in pieces, called __________________________________. o Finally, the DNA backbone is bonded together by ________________ bonds. I have reviewed Protein synthesis. The first step of Protein synthesis is _________________, where we are making a ___________ from a DNA strand. Basically, o RNA polymerase separates the __________ strands. o Then, it uses one strand of DNA as a ________________, in order to “copy” the genetic information into a “code” of mRNA. o The mRNA that is made contains nucleotides that are grouped into groups of three, known as _________________. o All of this process occurs in the __________________ of eukaryotic organisms. The second step of protein synthesis is ___________________, where we are making a _____________________ by reading the code on the ___________ molecule. Basically, o The mRNA moves to the cytoplasm, where a ________________ attaches to it. o Then, the ribosome “reads” the mRNA strand, and ____________ molecules bring the amino acids that “match up” with the __________ on the mRNA. o The nucleotide bases on the tRNA are called ___________________, and are opposite of the codons on the mRNA. o A peptide bond is made as one amino acid is brought to another, and then the ribosome moves on to tread the next codon. o At the end, a _____________ codon is reached on the mRNA, which tells the ribosome to come apart, releasing the mRNA and the completed polypeptide. o There is _______ tRNA molecule that matches up with a stop codon! I know how to read a codon chart, and I know that I MUST MAKE SURE I am reading the MRNA!! o So! If it’s DNA that is given to me, I must convert it to mRNA!! o If I have a strand of DNA that reads ATGC, then my mRNA will read_______________. I have reviewed mutations, and know the difference between: point mutations, frameshift mutations (deletions and insertions), and chromosomal mutations (deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations). Chapter 13: I know the difference between selective breeding, hybridization, and inbreeding. A molecule that contains DNA from two different organisms (species) is called _____________________________________. List the steps for producing recombinant DNA: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ PCR is the acronym for ______________________________________________. It is used for making _______________________________________________________________________. o The first step is called _____________________, which separates the ________________ of fragment DNA. o The next step is called _____________________, which attaches ___________ to the DNA fragment. o The last step is called _____________________, where ______________________ (a special type of DNA polymerase that can withstand high temperatures) attaches nitrogenous bases to the fragment of DNA to create a copy. Gel electrophoresis is used for separating fragments of DNA based on their ____________ or polarity. o First, you mix samples of DNA with _________________________________, which “cut” DNA into different lengths based on specific recognition sequences. o Then, you load the samples into wells, and turn on the electricity. o The fragments will separate, with the ____________ fragments moving further and the _______________ fragments moving less. Plasmids are __________________________________________, and are very useful in making transgenic organisms. o First, you use ______________________________ to separate the gene you are interested in from the host organism, and then to “break open” the plasmid. o Then, the fragment is attached to the plasmid, to create a ______________________ plasmid. o Last, the recombined plasmid is inserted into the bacteria, which can then produce the protein that the gene coded for. I have reviewed clones, and the process for making a clone. If there is a question about clones, and it mentions something about “ethical issues”, I would bet that that is the answer. An INCREASE in genetic variation can be achieved by: ____________________________________________________________________________________ What are telomeres? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 14: I have reviewed what karyotypes are, and what autosomes are. I have reviewed genetic disorders, and know which are caused by autosomal recessive traits, which are caused by autosomal dominant traits, and which are cause by sex-linked recessive traits. o In order for someone to display (have) a recessive disorder, they need _____ copy(ies) of the allele. o In order for someone to display (have) a dominant disorder, they need ____ copy(ies) of the allele. o In sex-linked traits (X-linked) females need ____ copy(ies) but males only have to have ____ copy(ies), because females have ____ X chromosome(s) and males have ____ X Chromosome(s). o So! Sex-linked traits (X-linked) show up __________ often in males than in females. When looking a pedigree charts, first you determine whether or not the trait is __________________________ or __________________________. o You do this by looking at the number of females affected compared to the males. o If they are about equal, it is probably _______________________. o If more males are affected, it is probably ______________________. Then, you determine if it is _______________________ or ______________________. o If it is ________________________, it probably DOES NOT skip a generation, AND if a child has it, then one of their parents MUST also have it. o If it is ________________________, it may SKIP generations, and parents of children affected may or MAY NOT have the disorder. What is nondisjunction? _______________________________________________________________. o In autosomes, it can cause disorders such as __________________________________. o In sex cells, it can cause disorders such as ____________________________________. DNA fingerprinting is a process that helps scientists identify individuals based on their genetic code. Family members will have more similar code than people who are unrelated. It often uses gel electrophoresis to see what fragments are made. The more similar the bands in the gel are, the more closely related people are. Chapter 15: Darwin is credited for the theory of ____________________________________, which relies on the fact that the organisms of a species which are the best adapted to their environment will survive. It is often called “survival of the fittest”. Another Scientist, named Lamark, thought that organisms evolved based on whether or not they used something in new ways. For example, he thought that giraffes could grow longer necks by reaching up to higher leaves. He has been disproven. I have looked at the difference between artificial and natural selection. (Humans choosing traits is artificial selection. Natural selection is based on what is better adapted to a particular environment.) I know the difference between homologous and analogous structures. Homologous ones come from a ____________________ ancestor. Analogous ones are a result of __________________ evolution, when two organisms (who do not share a recent common ancestor) develop similar characteristics because of the way they have adapted to their environment. THINK analogy Chapter 16: I have reviewed directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection on polygenic traits. o Directional selection causes a change towards one end of the spectrum (large beaks OR small beaks.) o Stabilizing selection causes a change towards an intermediate phenotype (medium sized beaks) o Disruptive selection causes a change towards BOTH ends of the spectrum and AWAY from the intermediate phenotype (BOTH little and BIG beaks, but NOT medium sized ones.) I have reviewed the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, which is a NULL theory for evolution, or genetic frequency change (if evolution is NOT occurring, then these things must be true) o There is __________________ mating. (Organisms have no preference in who they mate with). o There is a _________________ population. o There is no _________________ into or out of the population (genes aren’t leaving or coming in) o There is no __________________ selection. The process of speciation means one species is evolving into more than one species. It occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from each other. o Behavioral Isolation means that two populations are capable of interbreeding, but have differences in __________________ rituals or other reproductive strategies that involve behavior. o Geographic Isolation means that two populations are ________________ by physical barriers such as rivers or mountains. o Temporal Isolation means that two species reproduce at _______________ times, or seasons. Chapter 17: Evidences for evolution include: o The fossil record. o Carbon (radioactive) dating o Comparative anatomy o DNA similarities I remember the endosymbiotic theory. I know what adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, and coevolution means, and could pick out an example. I understand the difference between punctuated and graduated equilibrium. o Punctuated means you have long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid change. o Graduated means that change occurs constantly, but slowly, over time. Chapter 18: I understand what taxonomy is, and binomial classification. ___________________________ is the person who developed our system of classification. There are eight levels: o Starting with the most inclusive (domain) ________________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _________________ _____________ species (least inclusive). o Scientific names include the _____________, which is capitalized, and the ____________, which is lowercased. It is always italicized. I know the difference between phylogenetic trees and cladograms o Phylogenetic trees classify organisms using line that represent evolutionary descent. o Cladograms classify animals according to derived characters, or new traits that arise over time, that weren’t seen in any of the earlier ancestors of the animal. o In either one, in order to find the most closely related animal to a species, you start at the species and then move backward, until you reach the closest “branch”. That animal coming off of the branch is the most closely related. I know the basic differences between the three domains: o Eukarya Protista, fungi, plantae, Animalia o Bacteria prokaryotic organisms that are the bacteria that we think about, such as E. coli and Salmonella. o Archaea prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments such as volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black mud completely devoid of oxygen. I can use dichotomous trees are to classify organisms. o “Di” means two and dichotomous relates to “two choices” o You start at the top and follow it down, and move to each question as it tells you too, kind of like playing “guess who” Ex. “Dichotomous key for leaves” 1. Compound or simple leaf: o Compound go to 2 o Simple go to 4 2. Arrangement of leaflets: o Palmate arrangement Aesculus (buckeye) o Pinnate go to 3 3. … and so on.