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CHAPTER 13
Goal: To understand how we use
Human Genes (DNA) to help solve
crimes, treat diseases, and better
understand diseases like cancer.
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Gel electrophoresis Demo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMxQ65qYDk
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 1: Applied Genetics
Section 2: DNA Technology
Section 3: The Human Genome
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Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Selective Breeding
 The process by which desired traits of certain plants
and animals are selected and passed on to their
future generations is called selective breeding.
Saint Bernard
Rescue dog
Husky
Sled dog
German shepherd
Service dog
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Hybridization
 Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more
disease-resistant, to produce more offspring,
or to grow faster.
 A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is
time consuming and expensive.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Inbreeding
 The process in which two closely related
organisms are bred to have the desired traits
and to eliminate the undesired ones in future
generations
 Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.
 A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful
recessive traits also can be passed on to
future generations.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Test Cross
 A test cross involves
breeding an organism
that has the unknown
genotype with one that is
homozygous recessive
for the desired trait.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools
 An organism’s genome is the total DNA in
the nucleus of each cell.
 DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA
and to isolate genes from the rest of the
genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 An electric current is used to separate
DNA fragments according to the size of
the fragments in a process called gel
electrophoresis.
 When an electric current is applied, the DNA
fragments move toward the positive end of
the gel.
 The smaller fragments move farther faster
than the larger ones.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 The unique pattern
created based on the
size of the DNA
fragment can be
compared to known
DNA fragments for
identification.
Gel electrophoresis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Biotechnology
 Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting
a gene from another organism, are called
transgenic organisms.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Animals
 Scientists produce most transgenic animals
in laboratories for biological research.
 Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Plants
 Genetically engineered cotton resists insect
infestation of the bolls.
 Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus
that could kill most of the African harvest.
 Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins
could decrease malnutrition.
Gene Splicing
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
The Human Genome Project
 The goal of the Human Genome Project
(HGP) was to determine the sequence of the
approximately three billion nucleotides that
make up human DNA and to identify all of the
approximately 30,000 human genes.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Sequencing the Genome
 Each of the 46 human chromosomes was
cleaved.
 These fragments were combined with vectors
to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make
many copies, and sequenced using automated
sequencing machines.
 Computers analyzed the overlapping regions
to generate one continuous sequence.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Decoding the
sequence of the
human genome can
be compared to
reading a book that was printed in code.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides
in the human genome code for all the proteins
in the body.
 The genome is filled with long stretches of
repeated sequences that have no direct
function.
 These regions are called noncoding sequences.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
DNA Fingerprinting
 Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost
identical among individuals.
 The noncoding regions of DNA are unique to
each individual.
 DNA fingerprinting involves separating these
DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding
patterns that are unique to every individual.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes
that cause human diseases
is called gene therapy.
 Scientists insert a normal
gene into a chromosome
to replace a dysfunctional
gene.
 Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Genes are the primary information storage
units, whereas proteins are the machines of
a cell.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Name the process that scientists use to
separate DNA fragments according to size.
A. genetic engineering
B. gel electrophoresis
C. cleaving
D. selective breeding
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
0%
B
A
B
C
D
0%
C
0%
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Which term explains how humans have been
able to produce a wide variety of domestic
cats?
A. homogenization
B. inbreeding
C. selective breeding
D. test crossing
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
0%
B
A
B
C
D
0%
C
0%
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing
English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but
cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle
from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce
poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces
excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which
1.
A
term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
C
D
B
cross breed
hybrid
outbred
purebred
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Harmful recessive traits can be passed
through generations of purebred animals
as a result of _______.
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. hybridization
B. inbreeding
C. line breeding
D. out crossing
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in
her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test
cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross?
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. to determine if the trait is
dominant or recessive
B. to determine the phenotype
of the plants
C. to determine if the plants carry
beneficial recessive alleles
D. to determine if the plants are
homozygous dominant or
heterozygous
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
Which process separates DNA fragments
according to size and has many applications
in genetic engineering and biotechnology?
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. DNA fragmentation
B. gel electrophoresis
C. transgenic cloning
D. polymerase chain reaction
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
The task of sequencing
the entire DNA in human
cells has been
completed.
1. A
2. B
A
0%
0%
B
A. True
B. Fasle
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Look at the following image. These are
the results of what process?
Answer: a test cross
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur,
the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea
pig and performs a test cross with a female that has
white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea
pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white?
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
A
B
C
D
B
C. bb
D. bW
A
A. BB
B. Bb
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms?
A. animals that can produce
organs for organ transplants
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
0%
0%
B
D. plants that are resistant to
insects and viruses
0%
C
C. bacteria that can decompose
oil spills and garbage
A
B
C
D
0%
D
B. animals that can secrete
enzymes that are useful to
humans
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
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Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
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