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Chapter 11 Chapter 11, Section 1 Determines an organism’s traits Produces proteins Long Polymer of repeating subunits (nucleotides) 3 Parts: Simple Sugar Phosphate Group Deoxyribose Phosphate with 4 oxygen Nitrogenous Base Carbon ring with 1 or more nitrogen Four types: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Nucleotides form chains Phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds to sugar of another nucleotide Complementary base pairs held with weak hydrogen bonds Adenine and Thymine Guanine and Cytosine Discovered DNA structure Double Helix Also involved: Maurice Wilkins and the other by Rosalind Franklin Use white board Use white board Use laminated pieces Use Play-Doh Circles for Phosphate Squares for Sugar Triangles for Nitrogen Bases Results from the differing sequences of the four different nucleotides Determine relatedness evolutionary relationships What would be closely related to the chimp? During interphase – before meiosis or mitosis Four Steps DNA double helix unzips Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases split Result: 2 nucleotide strands with their nitrogenous bases exposed Base Pairing – free nucleotides base pair with exposed nucleotides Adenine with Thymine Guanine with Cytosine Result: each strand builds its complement Sugar and phosphate parts of adjacent nucleotides bond Result: new backbone for each strand Two molecules of DNA are formed Semi-Conservative Replication – each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one strand that has been newly synthesized from free nucleotides Chapter 11, Section 2 Polymer made of amino acids (monomer) Control bodily functions DNA is responsible for constructing Use amino acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid Composed of nucleotides Gives instructions on how to make protein Ribonucleic acid Composed of nucleotides Single stranded Sugar = ribose Replaces thymine (nitrogenous base) with uracil Base pairs with adenine Messenger Brings info from DNA in the nucleus to cytoplasm Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ribosomes clamp onto the mRNA and use its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order Transfer RNA (mRNA) RNA (tRNA) Transports amino acids to the ribosome to assemble the protein On mRNA Each set of three nitrogen bases Codes for a specific amino acid On tRNA Each set of three nitrogen bases Carries a specific amino acid Page 297 Answer all questions Everyone needs to write answers Answer can be written in notes Universal ie: UAC codes for the amino acid tyrosine ALWAYS In bacteria, birch trees, bison and every other living thing on the planet Evidence that all life on Earth evolved from a common origin Four nucleotides 20 Amino Acids Proteins are built from long chains of DNA DNA lined-up end-to-end in all the human cells of an adult would stretch to about 60 billion miles (about 60 times the distance from the sun to Pluto, the outer most fake planet) Double stranded DNA to single stranded RNA mRNA Sugar is now ribose Uracil is used (instead of thymine) Occurs in nucleus DNA RNA polymerase Codon 1 Codon 2 Triplet 1 1 Triplet 2 2 Triplet 3 3 Gene Complementary triplets Promoter Triplet 4 mRNA strand Codon 1 2 4 Codon 3 Codon 4 (stop signal) RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 1 of 5 DNA Gene KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 2 of 5 DNA RNA polymerase Triplet 1 1 Triplet 2 2 Triplet 3 3 Gene Triplet 4 Complementary triplets Promoter 2 4 KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 3 of 5 DNA RNA polymerase Triplet 1 1 Triplet 2 2 Triplet 3 3 Gene Triplet 4 Complementary triplets Promoter Codon 1 2 4 RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 4 of 5 DNA RNA polymerase Codon 1 Codon 2 Triplet 1 1 Triplet 2 2 Triplet 3 3 Gene Complementary triplets Promoter Triplet 4 mRNA strand Codon 1 2 4 Codon 3 Codon 4 (stop signal) RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 5 of 5 From mRNA to protein Takes place at the ribosomes Uses tRNA Carry Anticodon Opposite nitrogenous bases from codon Used to attach to codon on mRNA Carry 1 specific amino acid Happen on ribosome (made of rRNA and protein) tRNA bring in first amino acid by attaching it’s anticodon to mRNA’s codon Ribosome moves down Next tRNA brings in next amino acid by attaching it’s anticodon to mRNA’s codon 2 amino acids bond First tRNA detaches Repeats until protein is constructed NUCLEUS mRNA The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid KEY Adenine Small ribosomal subunit tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Large ribosomal subunit Thymine Start codon A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. mRNA strand The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives. The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate. Small ribosomal subunit Peptide bond Completed polypeptide Stop codon Large ribosomal subunit Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 1 of 6 NUCLEUS mRNA The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. Amino acid KEY Adenine Small ribosomal subunit tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon mRNA strand Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 2 of 6 NUCLEUS mRNA The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid KEY Adenine Small ribosomal subunit tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon mRNA strand Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Large ribosomal subunit Figure 3-19 3 of 6 NUCLEUS mRNA The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid KEY Adenine Small ribosomal subunit tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon mRNA strand Large ribosomal subunit A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. Stop codon Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 4 of 6 NUCLEUS mRNA The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid KEY Adenine Small ribosomal subunit tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. mRNA strand Large ribosomal subunit The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives. Peptide bond Stop codon Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 5 of 6 NUCLEUS mRNA The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid KEY Adenine Small ribosomal subunit tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Large ribosomal subunit Thymine Start codon A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. mRNA strand The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives. The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate. Small ribosomal subunit Peptide bond Completed polypeptide Stop codon Large ribosomal subunit Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 6 of 6 Page 299 Answer all questions Chapter 11, Section 3 Any change in the DNA sequence May have large effect or no effect be helpful or harmful cause cancer lead to natural selection and evolution occur in reproductive cells or body cells Change in a single base pair in the DNA Ie: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Single base is added or deleted from DNA Shifts the reading of codons by one base Ie: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT ETH ECA T Disrupt distribution of genes to gametes during meiosis Cause nondisjunction Homologous chromosomes cannot pair correctly when they have an extra or are missing a part Deletion ABC DEF GHI ABC DFG HI Insertion ABC DEF GHI ABC BCD EFG HI Inversion ABC DEF GHI ADC BEF GHI Translocation ABC DEF GHI and WXYZ WXA BCD EFG HI and YZ Page 305 Answer all questions Page 306 Answer all questions Anything that is capable of causing mutations Ie: radiation (X-Rays, UV light, nuclear energy), chemicals, high temperatures Mistakes rarely happen When they do, there are repair mechanisms Enzymes Greater exposure to mutagen, less chance the mistake will be corrected 19 Multiple Choice 12 Completion 5 Short Answer/Essay