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11/8/2012 Cell Size Smalls cells More efficient Higher surface area-to-volume ratio Chapter 3 Cells Under the Microscope All Cells Have Plasma Membrane: Selective outer boundary Cytoplasm: Water-like interior DNA: Genetic material Ribosomes: Synthesize Proteins Anton van Leeuwenhoek (16321723) - First to see “animalcules” in pond water The Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function of all living things. 3. All cells arise from existing cells. Two Basic Cell Types Prokaryote Eukaryote Size Small (1/10 of Euk) Large (10X prok) DNA In “nucleoid” region Within membrane-bound nucleus Organelles No membranebound organelles Membrane-bound organelles Body Type Unicellular Unicellular or Multi-cellular 1 11/8/2012 Prokaryote Nucleus Bacteria Smallest simplest cells Contain DNA (chromatin & chromosomes) Cell Wall: Surrounds cell membrane & provides structural support Nuclear Envelope: Membrane surrounding nucleus Flagellum: Long threadlike structures that enable movement Nucleolus: Where ribosomes are made Eukaryotic • • • • Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia They Both Have Unicellular or multicellular Some have cell walls some don’t Can be autotrophic or heterotropic CYTOPLASM – the jelly-like fluid that fills the cell CYTOSKELETON – protein fibers that provide framework for cell, like a skeleton does for your body 2 11/8/2012 Organelle Mitochondria Membrane-bound structure that carries out specific activities for the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Makes ATP from breaking down food Cells that need lots of energy have lots of mitochondria. (muscle cells) Surrounded by membranes, contain DNA & ribosomes, and are thought to be descendents of prokaryotic cells (endosymbiotic theory) Vesicles-small membranebound sacs Membrane bound Rough ER: Ribosomes attached Transports Proteins to Golgi Smooth ER: Makes Lipids Detoxifies chemicals Golgi Apparatus The cell’s packaging and distribution center. Modifies macromolecules for the cell or for secretion outside cell Vesicles bud from the apparatus LYSOSOMES- vesicles that bud from Golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes; “clean up crew” usually found only in animal cells PEROXISOMES – vesicles that bud from ER; break down hydrogen peroxide in cells; found in both plant and animal cells Cells Can Have Cilia: Hair-like structures used for “sweeping” or cell movement (cells of bronchi, paramecium) Flagella: long, threadlike structures for movement (sperm, some bacteria) 3 11/8/2012 Plant Cells Central Vacuole Chloroplasts Uses light energy to make carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide. Provide energy for cell. Surrounded by double membrane, contains DNA, thought to be descendents of prokaryotic cells. (endosymbiosis) Large membrane bound sac that stores water & other substances When full makes cell rigid Cell Analogy Cell Wall Surrounds & supports Cell Maintains cell shape Protects Connects to other cells 4