Download 1 Chapter 6 Cellular Organization, Chapter 40.2 Tissues Chapter 6 I

Randa, Bio 1151
1
Chapter 6 Cellular Organization, Chapter 40.2 Tissues
Chapter 6
I. Introduction to Cells
A. Fundamental units of organisms
--Cell Theory
B. Different cell types: Domains
C. Characteristics of All Cells
1. plasma (cell) membrane
a. separates cell from external environment
b. very selective (selectively permeable)
2. metabolizes
3. can control its activities and makes new cells
D. Limits to Cell Size
1. nutrient and waste product exchange with external environment
2. surface area to volume ratio
II. Prokaryotic Cells
A. Domains Bacteria and Archea
--focus on Kingdom Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)
B. Evolutionarily ancient; 1st to evolve
C. Cell membrane may be surrounded by cell wall or capsule
D. Genetic material (DNA) usually in nucleoid
III. Eukaryotic Cells
--more complex; found in Fungi, Protists, Plants, Animals
--possess organelles
1
Randa, Bio 1151
2
Types of organelles:
A. Nucleus
1. centrally located, largest
2. control center
--DNA, chromatin, chromosomes
3. nuclear envelope
a. nuclear pores
b. selective
4. nucleolus
--produces ribosomes
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
2 Kinds:
1. rough ER
--has ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis
2. smooth ER
--no ribosomes attached; detoxification area and synthesizes lipids
C. Golgi complex
--made up of cisternae and vesicles
protein modification occurs here
D. Vesicle-like organelles
1. lysosomes--contain enzymes to break down many substances
2. peroxisomes--breaks down H2O2
3. vacuoles--large, fluid-filled sacs
E. Energy-converting organelles
1. mitochondria
convert chemical energy (glucose) into more usable form (ATP)
--cellular respiration
--cristae, matrix
2
Randa, Bio 1151
3
2. chloroplasts
convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
Structural Elements:
F. Cytoskeleton
comprised of protein fibers; provides support and organization for cell
1. microtubules
2. intermediate filaments
3. microfilaments
G. Structures used in cell movement
made up of microtubules
located on outer surface of cell
1. cilia--short, hair-like
2. flagella--long, whip-like
3. structure of cilia and flagella is similar
H. Other outer structures
cell walls
intercellular junctions
IV. Archaean Cells (Domain Archaea)
A. Previously grouped with bacteria
B. Characteristics
1. similarities to other cell types
a. prokaryotes--no nucleus
3
Randa, Bio 1151
4
b. eukaryotes--DNA wrapped in proteins
2. differences from other cell types
a. cell membranes
b. different chemicals in cell
c. live in “odd” habitats
V. Viruses
Fundamental structure: DNA or RNA with a protein coat (are not cells)
Viruses cannot metabolize nor reproduce independently
VI. Tools to View Cells
A. Preparing samples
1. fixing
2. embedding and slicing
3. staining
B. Microscopes
1. light microscope
2. electron microscope
TEM
SEM
Chapter 40.2
VII. Tissues
A. Tissues are groups of cell with a common structure and function.
1. Different types of tissues have different structures that are especially suited to
their functions.
2. Tissues are classified into four main categories:
a. epithelial tissue,
b. connective tissue,
c. nervous tissue,
d. and muscle tissue.
B. Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the
body.
1. cells held together by tight junctions
4
Randa, Bio 1151
2.
3.
4.
5.
5
functions as a protective barrier
free surface exposed to air or fluid
cells at the base are attached to a basement membrane
classified by the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells on the free
surface.
C. Connective tissue functions mainly to bind and support other tissues.
1. living cells
2. extracellular matrix
3. Major types of vertebrate connective tissues in vertebrates:
a. loose connective tissue,
b. adipose tissue,
c. fibrous connective tissue,
d. cartilage,
e. bone, and
f. blood.
D. Muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that are capable of
contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses.
3 types in vertebrates:
1. skeletal muscle,
2. cardiac muscle,
3. smooth muscle
E. Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to
another.
functional unit = neuron, or nerve cell.
5