Download 3.A.1 DNA and RNA Without Pictures

3.A.1 DNA and RNA Without Pictures
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1.
5 ' cap
The 5 ' end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified
by the addition of a cap of guanine
nucleotide.
2.
activator
Proteins that bind to the enhancer region,
which is very far upstream from the promoter
region, to initiation transcription.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
alternative
RNA splicing
Genes giving rise to two or more different
polypeptides depending upon which
segments are treated as exons.
anticodon
Specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA
molecule that recognizes a particular
complementary codon on an mRNA
molecule.
antiparallel
The opposite arrangement of the sugarphosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
Avery,
MacLeod,
McCarty
Determined that DNA was ​Griffith's
"Transforming Factor."
biotechnology
The manipulation of living organisms or
their components to produce useful products.
Central
Dogma of
Molecular
Biology
DNA to RNA to protein.
cloning
vector
DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA
into a host cell and replicate there.
10.
codons
mRNA base triplets.
11.
denaturation
In proteins, a process in which a protein
unravels and loses its native conformation,
thereby becoming biologically inactive. In
DNA, the separation of the two strands of the
double helix.
8.
9.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
DNA
DNA helicase
17.
Erwin Chargaff
Discovered that DNA composition varies,
but the amount of adenine is always the
same as thymine and the amount of
cytosine is always the same as guanine.
18.
exons
Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.
Frederick
Griffith
This person discovered transformation
during an experiment that involved
injecting mice with smooth S cells, rough R
cells, heat-killed S cells, and heat-killed S
cells with living R cells.
gel
electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins,
on the basis of their size and electrical
charge, by measuring their rate of
movement through an electrical field in a
gel.
gene cloning
The production of multiple copies of a gene.
gene
expression
Conversion of the information encoded in a
gene first into messenger RNA and then to
a protein.
genetic
engineering
The direct manipulation of genes for
practical purposes.
Hersey-Chase
Devised an experiment that showed that
only the DNA of T2 phages enters a
bacterial cell during infection.
Human
Genome
Project
An international collaborative effort to map
and sequence the DNA of the entire human
genome.
26.
introns
Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie
between coding sequences.
27.
lagging strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand
that elongates by means of Okazaki
fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3'
direction away from the replication fork.
28.
leading strand
The new continuous complementary DNA
strand synthesized along the template
strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
messenger
RNA (mRNA)
Carries genetic message from the DNA to
he protein-synthesizing machinery of the
cell.
micro-RNA
(miRNA)
Small single stranded RNA molecules that
bind to mRNA and can degrade mRNA or
block its translation.
31.
nucleic acid
An organic compound, either RNA or DNA,
whose molecules are made up of one or two
chains of nucleotides and carry genetic
information.
32.
nucleotide
Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
A long, linear polymer found in the nucleus of
a cell formed from nucleotides and shaped
like a double helix.
An enzyme that untwists the double helix at
the replication forks, separating the two
parental strands and making them available
as template strands.
DNA ligase
A linking enzyme essential for DNA
replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of
the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5'
end of a growing chain.
DNA
polymerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the
DNA molecule.
domains
Discrete structural and functional regions of
proteins.
25.
29.
30.
Okazaki
fragments
Small fragments of DNA produced on the
lagging strand during DNA replication,
joined later by DNA ligase to form a
complete strand.
one gene-one
polypeptide
hypothesis
The premise that a gene is a segment of
DNA that codes for one polypeptide.
origins of
replication
(ORI)
Site where the replication of a DNA
molecule begins, consisting of a specific
sequence of nucleotides.
phosphodiester
bond
Strong covalent bond linking the carbon-3
atom a deoxyribose sugar in one nucleotide
to the phosphate group of another
nucleotide.
37.
plasmid
Small extra-chromosomal, doublestranded circular DNA molecules.
38.
poly-A tail
Modified end of the 3 ' end of an mRNA
molecule consisting of the addition of some
50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.
polymerase
chain reaction
(PCR)
A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by
incubating with special primers, DNA
polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.
40.
polyribosomes
Strings of ribosomes that work together to
translate a RNA message.
41.
pre-mRNA
The precusor strand of mRNA produced by
gene transcription that contains both
introns and exons.
33.
34.
35.
36.
39.
42.
43.
primary
transcript
The initial mRNA transcript that is
transcribed from a protein coding gene.
Also called pre-mRNA.
primase
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to
make the primer using the parental DNA
strand as a template.
replication fork
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA
molecule where new strands are
growing.
restriction
enzyme
A degradative enzyme that recognizes
and cuts up DNA (including that of
certain phages) that is foreign to a
bacterium.
restriction
fragment
The fragment of DNA that is produced by
cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme.
restriction
fragment length
polymorphisms
(RFLPs)
Differences in the restriction sites on
homologous chromosomes that result in
different restriction fragment patterns.
55.
restriction site
A specific sequence on a DNA strand that
is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction
enzyme.
56.
retrovirus
Virus that contains RNA as its genetic
information.
reverse
transcriptase
A polymerase that catalyzes the
formation of DNA using RNA as a
template.
58.
ribosomal A site
Site that holds the tRNA carrying the
next amino acid to be added to the chain.
59.
ribosomal E site
Site where discharged tRNAs leave the
ribosome.
60.
ribosomal P site
Site that holds tRNA carrying the
growing polypeptide chain.
ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
RNA molecules that construct ribosomal
subunits.
ribozymes
RNA molecules that function as enzymes.
RNA interference
(RNAi)
Blocking gene expression by means of a
miRNA silencing complex
51.
52.
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54.
57.
61.
62.
63.
44.
promoter
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that
binds RNA polymerase and indicates
where to start transcribing mRNA.
64.
RNA polymerase
Enzyme that links together the growing
chain of ribonucleotides during
transcription.
45.
purines
Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring
structure.
65.
RNA primer
46.
pyrimidines
Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring
structure.
Short segment of RNA used to initiate
synthesis of a new strand of DNA during
replication.
66.
RNA processing
The modification of mRNA before it
leaves the nucleus that is unique to
eukaryotes.
67.
RNA splicing
Process by which the introns are removed
from RNA transcripts and the remaining
exons are joined together.
Rosalind
Franklin
Used X-Ray diffraction to discover the
double-helical structure of DNA.
semiconservative
model
Type of DNA replication in which the
replicated double helix consists of one
old strand, derived from the old molecule,
and one newly made strand.
47.
48.
49.
50.
reading frame
Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct
groupings.
recombinant
DNA
A DNA molecule made in vitro with
segments from different sources.
regulator
protein that can bind just upstream from
the promoter, activating the transcription
initiation complex.
replication
The process whereby DNA makes a copy of
itself prior to cell division.
68.
69.
single-strand
binding proteins
Bind to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template.
siRNAs (small
interfering RNAs)
RNAs of similar size and functions as miRNAs that inhibit gene expression
72.
splicosome
Different particles that recognize splice sites are compiled in a large assembly. A complex of RNA and protein
subunits. Removes introns from a transcribed pre-RNA segments.
73.
sticky end
A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.
74.
TATA box
Cucial promoter DNA sequence.
75.
telomerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.
76.
telomeres
Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
77.
template strand
The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript.
78.
terminator
In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene.
79.
topoisomerase
A protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication
fork.
80.
transcription
Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.
transcription
factors
Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription.
transcription
initiation complex
The assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase.
transfer RNA
(tRNA)
Interpreter of a series of codons along a mRNA molecule.
84.
transformation
A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
85.
translation
The synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA.
86.
Watson and Crick
Developed the double helix model of DNA.
87.
wobble
Flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen
bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position of a codon.
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