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3.A.1 DNA and RNA Without Pictures Study online at quizlet.com/_eql2b 1. 5 ' cap The 5 ' end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide. 2. activator Proteins that bind to the enhancer region, which is very far upstream from the promoter region, to initiation transcription. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. alternative RNA splicing Genes giving rise to two or more different polypeptides depending upon which segments are treated as exons. anticodon Specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule. antiparallel The opposite arrangement of the sugarphosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. Avery, MacLeod, McCarty Determined that DNA was ​Griffith's "Transforming Factor." biotechnology The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA to RNA to protein. cloning vector DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. 10. codons mRNA base triplets. 11. denaturation In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. 8. 9. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. DNA DNA helicase 17. Erwin Chargaff Discovered that DNA composition varies, but the amount of adenine is always the same as thymine and the amount of cytosine is always the same as guanine. 18. exons Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA. Frederick Griffith This person discovered transformation during an experiment that involved injecting mice with smooth S cells, rough R cells, heat-killed S cells, and heat-killed S cells with living R cells. gel electrophoresis The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. gene cloning The production of multiple copies of a gene. gene expression Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein. genetic engineering The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. Hersey-Chase Devised an experiment that showed that only the DNA of T2 phages enters a bacterial cell during infection. Human Genome Project An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome. 26. introns Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences. 27. lagging strand A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork. 28. leading strand The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction. messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries genetic message from the DNA to he protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell. micro-RNA (miRNA) Small single stranded RNA molecules that bind to mRNA and can degrade mRNA or block its translation. 31. nucleic acid An organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information. 32. nucleotide Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. A long, linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. DNA ligase A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain. DNA polymerase An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule. domains Discrete structural and functional regions of proteins. 25. 29. 30. Okazaki fragments Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand. one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis The premise that a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide. origins of replication (ORI) Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. phosphodiester bond Strong covalent bond linking the carbon-3 atom a deoxyribose sugar in one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another nucleotide. 37. plasmid Small extra-chromosomal, doublestranded circular DNA molecules. 38. poly-A tail Modified end of the 3 ' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides. 40. polyribosomes Strings of ribosomes that work together to translate a RNA message. 41. pre-mRNA The precusor strand of mRNA produced by gene transcription that contains both introns and exons. 33. 34. 35. 36. 39. 42. 43. primary transcript The initial mRNA transcript that is transcribed from a protein coding gene. Also called pre-mRNA. primase An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template. replication fork A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing. restriction enzyme A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium. restriction fragment The fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme. restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) Differences in the restriction sites on homologous chromosomes that result in different restriction fragment patterns. 55. restriction site A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme. 56. retrovirus Virus that contains RNA as its genetic information. reverse transcriptase A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template. 58. ribosomal A site Site that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain. 59. ribosomal E site Site where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. 60. ribosomal P site Site that holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) RNA molecules that construct ribosomal subunits. ribozymes RNA molecules that function as enzymes. RNA interference (RNAi) Blocking gene expression by means of a miRNA silencing complex 51. 52. 53. 54. 57. 61. 62. 63. 44. promoter A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing mRNA. 64. RNA polymerase Enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription. 45. purines Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring structure. 65. RNA primer 46. pyrimidines Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring structure. Short segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication. 66. RNA processing The modification of mRNA before it leaves the nucleus that is unique to eukaryotes. 67. RNA splicing Process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together. Rosalind Franklin Used X-Ray diffraction to discover the double-helical structure of DNA. semiconservative model Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. 47. 48. 49. 50. reading frame Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings. recombinant DNA A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources. regulator protein that can bind just upstream from the promoter, activating the transcription initiation complex. replication The process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself prior to cell division. 68. 69. single-strand binding proteins Bind to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template. siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) RNAs of similar size and functions as miRNAs that inhibit gene expression 72. splicosome Different particles that recognize splice sites are compiled in a large assembly. A complex of RNA and protein subunits. Removes introns from a transcribed pre-RNA segments. 73. sticky end A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment. 74. TATA box Cucial promoter DNA sequence. 75. telomerase An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells. 76. telomeres Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. 77. template strand The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript. 78. terminator In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. 79. topoisomerase A protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork. 80. transcription Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template. transcription factors Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription. transcription initiation complex The assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase. transfer RNA (tRNA) Interpreter of a series of codons along a mRNA molecule. 84. transformation A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. 85. translation The synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA. 86. Watson and Crick Developed the double helix model of DNA. 87. wobble Flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position of a codon. 70. 71. 81. 82. 83.