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Pierce College
Putman/Biol 160
Exam 4 Study Guide
Exams are a random sampling of questions from specific course outcomes. Exam 1 will consist
of short answer, fill in the blank, identification and multiple-choice questions, taken from the
following.
From Unit 08: Chromosomes, Cell Cycle, Meiosis
1. Give the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.
2. State what cell division is called in prokaryotes and describe it.
3. List the stages of the somatic cell cycle and give/recognize the major events in each phase.
4. State how many DNA molecules and how many chromosomes there would be in each stage
of the cell cycle.
5. Explain what chromatin is and why it must form chromosomes before cell division.
6. Give the function of mitosis.
7. Describe how the cell cycle is controlled.
8. Draw/recognize a chromosome and label its parts.
9. State how many chromosomes are in a human diploid and human haploid cell.
10. Differentiate between autosomes and sex chromosomes and state how sex is determined in
humans.
11. State why it is necessary for gametes to be haploid.
12. List the phases of the germ cell cycle and give the major events in each phase.
13. In meiosis, describe fully (words & pictures) how synapsis and chiasmata formation in
prophase I may lead to genetic diversity.
14. Describe how fertilization leads to genetic variability.
15. Define what alleles are and where they are located.
16. Compare and contrast mitosis to meiosis regarding function, products and ploidy of products.
17. Define/recognize a karyotype and state how it could be used to diagnose chromosomal
diseases, with a specific example.
18. Discuss the cause and effects of abnormal autosomal and sex chromosome number, using
Down syndrome as a specific example of an autosomal disorder.
19. State the general effects of chromosome structure defects in somatic and sex cells.
20. Identify the structures of DNA and RNA; identify the molecular structures of phosphate,
deoxyribose, ribose, as well as DNA- and RNA-nucleotides.
21. Explain what is meant when we say the DNA molecule is “antiparallel.”
22. Recognize the 3’ and 5’ ends on the molecular structure of a DNA molecule.
23. In DNA replication, give the functions of helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase and
ligase.
24. Discuss how replication bubbles form.
25. State why RNA primers must be added to allow for DNA replication.
26. Outline the process of transcription, giving the function of RNA polymerase.
27. State the three things that happen to eukaryotic mRNA before it leaves the nucleus and why
those three things must happen
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28. Outline the series of events in translation.
29. Using a codon dictionary, show the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and tRNA sequences
and amino acids by recognizing the sense sequences, codons, anticodons and amino acids in
a 5 amino acid polypeptide.
30. Explain, with a specific example of DNA, how a mutation can result in a different
polypeptide.
31. State where genes are found, what gene variations are called and what they produce.
From Unit 09: Genetics
1. State the organism Gregor Mendel used to develop his laws, and explain the three
characteristics that made this organism ideal for genetics research.
2. Explain three unusual approaches Mendel used in his research.
3. Define pure-breeding, hybrid, P, F1 and F2 generation, allele, homozygous, heterozygous,
genotype, phenotype, homologous and heterologous chromosomes.
4. Explain Mendel’s law of dominance and recessiveness (complete dominance).
5. State Mendel’s law of segregation and explain how it works with a monohybrid cross.
6. State Mendel’s law of independent assortment and explain how it works with a dihybrid
cross.
7. If given the genotype and phenotype of the parents and total number of offspring, perform a
monohybrid Mendelian (complete dominance) cross, and state the statistical probability and
expected numbers of each genotype and/or phenotype of the F1 generation.
8. If given the genotype and phenotype of the parents and total number of offspring, perform a
dihybrid Mendelian (complete dominance) cross, and state the statistical probability and
expected numbers of each genotype and/or phenotype of the F1 generation.
9. Define and give an example of a test cross.
10. Give the cause, effects and genetic mechanism of the following human Mendelian traits:
freckles, widow’s peak, free earlobe, achrondroplastic dwarfism, cystic fibrosis.
11. If given the genotype and phenotype of the parents and total offspring, perform a
monohybrid incomplete dominance cross, and state the statistical probability and expected
numbers of each genotype and/or phenotype of the F1 generation.
12. If given the genotype and phenotype of the parents and total offspring, perform a
monohybrid codominance cross, and state the statistical probability and expected numbers of
each genotype and/or phenotype of the F1 generation.
13. Give the cause, effects and genetic mechanism of sickle-cell anemia.
14. Explain how pleiotrophy works, with an example.
15. State how the environment influences gene expression, with an example from lecture.
16. Give the cause, effects and genetic mechanism of the ABO blood group.
17. Explain how polygenic inheritance works, with an example.
18. Explain what gene linkages are, and how they produce expected phenotypic ratios different
from Mendelian genetics, with an example.
19. Describe sex determination in mammals, grasshoppers, birds and butterflies, and bees.
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20. If given the genotype and phenotype of the parents and total offspring, perform a
monohybrid sex-linked cross, and state the statistical probability and expected numbers of
each genotype and/or phenotype of the F1 generation.
21. Give the cause, effects and genetic mechanism of the following human sex-linked traits:
hemophilia, red-green color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Be able to perform a
pedigree analysis using these traits.
22. State how genetic diseases may be prevented and diagnosed in humans.
23. Explain what an operon is and how the lac operon works. Make sure you indicate what
regulatory genes produce, what repressors do, and what promoters and operators do in the
operon.
24. Explain what X-chromosome inactivation is and its effect on eukaryotic gene expression.
25. Discuss the genetics explaining why male cats can’t be tortoise-shell.
26. Discuss how transcription factors regulate gene function in eukaryotes.
27. Explain how polypeptides with different amino acid sequences can be produced from the
same gene!
28. State what miRNAs are and how they regulate gene expression.
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