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Transcript
Protein Synthesis Project 40 pts Part I Due Date _____________ Part II Due Date _____________ Objectives: • I can demonstrate how the genes in DNA are transcribed through RNA polymerase into mRNA and translated by ribosomes, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and amino acids into a protein that represents a particular trait in an organism. • I know how mutations in DNA can affect the expression of a protein as a trait. Introduction: Genes are the units that determine inherited characteristics, such as hair color and blood type. Genes are lengths of DNA molecules that determine the structure of polypeptides (the building blocks of proteins) that our cells make. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in polypeptides, and thus the structure of proteins. In a process called transcription, which takes place in the nucleus of the cell, messenger RNA (mRNA) reads and copies the DNA’s nucleotide sequences in the form of a complementary RNA molecule. Then the mRNA carries this information in the form of a code to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place. The code, in DNA or mRNA, specifies the order in which the amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide. The code words in mRNA, however, are not directly recognized by the corresponding amino acids. Another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) is needed to bring the mRNA and amino acids together. As the code carried by mRNA is “read” on a ribosome, the proper tRNAs arrive in turn and give up the amino acids they carry to the growing polypeptide chain. The process by which the information from DNA is transferred into the language of proteins is known as translation. Project Requirements: l Your project will result in an artistic model of a creature from a series of genes that must first undergo transcription and translation to yield a set of traits. l Part I: Completed worksheet of creature traits You and your partner must first check with your instructor that the genes of the creature have been properly decoded. Part I must be completed and approved by your instructor before you can proceed to Part II. l Part II: A poster of your creature A self-‐created drawing, collage, or computer generated picture of your creature. Procedures: 1. To determine the traits for each gene of your creature, fill in the following information for each box, beginning with Chromosome 1 in the Data Table. 2. On the next set of lines below, write the sequence of nucleotides of mRNA that are complementary to DNA sequence (TRANSCRIPTION). 3. Then in the next boxes, write the sequence of nucleotides of tRNA that are complementary to mRNA sequence (TRANSLATION) you just decoded. 4. Match each codon with the specific amino acid by using a decoding chart such as one on page 244 Figure 8.13 in your book. Record this information in the appropriate place in the Data Table. 5. Using Figure 1, find the trait that matches the amino acid sequence. Record information in the Data Table. 6. Repeat steps 2 through 6 for the remaining chromosomes. 7. Your creature will also experience one of several mutations that can be found in Figure 2. 8. To determine your mutation the instructor will roll a die. 9. Add the mutation to your creature’s DNA in red pen/pencil and you may or may not choose to display it on your poster. Data Table: Chromosome 1 Gene C Gene A DNA ______ ______ ______ DNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ A.A. Sequence Trait _________________________ A.A. Sequence Trait ____________________________ Gene B Gene D DNA ______ DNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ A.A. Sequence Trait __________________________ A.A. Sequence Trait _____________________________ Chromosome 2 Gene A Gene C DNA ______ ______ DNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ _________________________ A.A. Sequence A.A. Sequence Trait ____________________________ Trait Gene B Gene D DNA ______ ______ ______ DNA ______ ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ ______ A.A. Sequence __________________________ Trait A.A. Sequence Trait _____________________________ Chromosome 3 Gene A Gene C DNA ______ ______ ______ ______ DNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ A.A. Sequence Trait __________________________ A.A. Sequence Trait ____________________________ Gene B Gene D DNA ______ ______ ______ DNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ A.A. Sequence Trait __________________________ A.A. Sequence Trait ____________________________ Chromosome 4 Gene C Gene A DNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ A.A. Sequence ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ A.A. Sequence ____________________________ Trait DNA _____________________________ Trait Gene B DNA ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ A.A. Sequence Figure 2 Mutations Type 1: Chromosome 2, Gene D -‐ Deletion: No Eyes Valine-‐Threonine-‐Stop Type 2: Chromosome 2, Gene B -‐ Substitution: No Color/Pigment Leucine-‐Stop Type 3: Chromosome 3, Gene B -‐ Inversion: Missing Limb Proline-‐Serine-‐Tryptophan Type 4: Chromosome 2, Gene D -‐ Insertion: One Light and Dark Colored Eye Valine-‐Glycine-‐Cysteine Type 5: Chromosome 1, Gene B -‐ Duplication: Gigantic Size Tyrosine-‐Tyrosine Type 6: No Mutation ________________________ Trait Chromosome 5 Gene A DNA ______ ______ ______ mRNA ______ ______ ______ A.A. Sequence ____________________________ Trait Chromosome 1 Traits Gene A -‐ Body Shape Figure 1 Amino Acid Sequence Gene C -‐ Body Covering Amino Acid Sequence Slim/Low Activity Serine-‐Glycine-‐Asparagine None Tyrosine-‐Proline-‐Valine Muscled/High Activity Serine-‐Glycine-‐Cysteine Hair/Fur Tyrosine-‐Serine-‐Valine Plump/Sedentary Serine-‐Glutamine-‐Leucine Scales Glutamic Acid-‐Serine-‐Valine Feather Glutamic Acid-‐Proline-‐Valine Gene B -‐ Body Size Amino Acid Sequence Gene D -‐ Skin Type Amino Acid Sequence Small Isoleucine Smooth Glycine-‐Glycine-‐Glycine Medium Proline Wrinkled Glycine-‐Proline-‐Proline Large Tyrosine Bumpy Proline-‐Proline-‐Proline Gene A -‐ Special Amino Acid Sequence Gene A -‐ Special Amino Acid Sequence Tail Methionine-‐Arginine-‐ Threonine Horn(s) Threonine-‐Methionine-‐ Histidine Antenna Isoleucine-‐Alanine-‐Tyrosine Color changing skin Serine-‐Isoleucine-‐Proline More than two eyes Glutamine-‐Proline-‐ Tryptophan Two heads Whiskers Glycine-‐Alanine-‐Valine Compound eyes (fly’s eye) Chromosome 5 Traits Methionine-‐Arginine-‐ Methionine Glutamic Acid-‐Glutamic Acid-‐ Proline Chromosome 2 Traits Gene A -‐ Skin Pigment Amino Acid Sequence Gene C -‐ Coloration Figure 1 (Continued) Amino Acid Sequence Light Phenylalanine-‐Phenylalanine Two-‐Tone Leucine-‐Histidine-‐Histidine Medium Phenylalanine-‐Arginine Bright (Warning) Leucine-‐Histidine-‐Isoleucine Dark Arginine-‐Arginine Subdued (Camouflage) Leucine-‐Threonine-‐Serine Gene B -‐ Pattern Amino Acid Sequence Gene D -‐ Eye Color/Size Amino Acid Sequence Dark (Brown/Black) Valine-‐Threonine-‐Glycine Medium (Light Brown/Green) Valine-‐Threonine-‐Leucine Light (Blue/Hazel) Valine-‐Threonine-‐Cysteine Large Asparagine Medium Methionine Small Alanine Gene C -‐ Offensive Amino Acid Sequence Teeth/Fangs Glutamine-‐Asparagine-‐ Arginine Claws Alanine-‐Asparagine-‐Arginine Stinger/Barb Valine-‐Methionine-‐ Asparagine None Striped Spotted Splotchy/Calico Asparagine-‐Asparagine-‐ Asparagine Asparagine-‐Tyrosine-‐ Asparagine Asparagine-‐Glutamine-‐ Valine Asparagine-‐Glutamine-‐ Methionine Chromosome 3 Traits Gene A -‐ Defensive Shell/Armor Spines Poisonous Amino Acid Sequence Glycine-‐Arginine-‐Threonine-‐ Lysine Valine-‐Methionine-‐ Asparagine-‐Tyrosine Tyrosine-‐Phenylalanine-‐ Leucine-‐ Histidine Gene B -‐ Appendages Amino Acid Sequence Gene D -‐ Appendage Type Amino Acid Sequence 2 Limbs Proline-‐Tryptophan-‐Serine Paws/Feet Isoleucine-‐Lysine-‐Tyrosine 4 Limbs Proline-‐Tyrosine-‐Tyrosine Fins/Flippers Isoleucine-‐Cysteine-‐Glycine 6 Limbs Proline-‐Tyrosine-‐Methionine Wings and Feet Isoleucine-‐Asparagine-‐ Tyrosine 8 Limbs Proline-‐Methionine-‐ Methionine Pincers/Claws Isoleucine-‐Alanine-‐Threonine Gene A -‐ Facial Features Amino Acid Sequence Gene B -‐ Mouth Size Amino Acid Sequence Big Nose Phenylalanine-‐Serine Narrow Histidine-‐Valine Medium Nose Serine-‐Phenylalanine Wide Histidine-‐Serine Small Nose Valine-‐Phenylalanine Short Arginine-‐Phenylalanine No Ears Methionine Long Arginine-‐Arginine Short Ears Alanine Gene C -‐ Mouth Type Amino Acid Sequence Long Ears Lysine Beak Jaws Sucker Chromosome 4 Traits Cysteine-‐ Phenylalanine-‐ Methionine-‐Alanine Cysteine-‐Phenylalanine-‐ Isoleucine-‐Serine Cysteine-‐Arginine-‐Lysine-‐ Histidine Protein Synthesis Project Rubric Section PART I: Protein Synthesis Creature Worksheet • The worksheet has been correctly completed by the due date by both project partners (or on your own) PART II: Creature Poster ______ / 10 pts Includes all the required traits illustrated on your creature Points Possible Points Earned 20 20 ______ / 5 pts Colorful and neat, not on lined/binder paper ______ / 5 pts Your name(s), period and due date are on the back of the poster Extra Credit • Includes your mutation on your poster and a one sentence description of what Total Points +4 40
