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BIO 220 Chapter 5 lecture outline Metabolism definition Collision theory Enzymes How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? Enzyme characteristics Catalysts Induced fit vs lock-and-key Composition Specificity Naming -ase Types of chemical reactions Holoenzymes Apoenzymes and cofactors Types of cofactors Factors that modulate enzyme activity (and thus reaction rate) Temperature pH Substrate concentration Inhibitors Competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibition Feedback inhibition Energy production Oxidation-reduction reactions Mechanisms of ATP generation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation Carbohydrate catabolism Anaerobic vs. Aerobic respiration (cellular respiration) Cellular respiration Glycolysis Transition reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain Fermentation What about fats and proteins as an energy source? Objective questions 1. What is an enzyme? 2. What are catabolic vs. anabolic reactions? 3. What is collision theory? 4. What is the energy of activation? How does an enzyme modify the energy of activation of a reaction? 5. Describe the general structure and characteristics of an enzyme. 6. Explain the mechanism by which enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 7. Why would a particular enzyme be able to bind to only one or a small number of substrates? 8. What is the function of each type of enzyme listed in table 5.1? 9. What is a cofactor? What is a coenzyme? 10. Describe how substrate concentrations, temperature, pH, and inhibitors can alter enzyme activity and thus reaction rate. 11. What is the difference in how competitive vs. non-competitive inhibitors work? 12. What is the purpose of feedback inhibition in biochemical pathways? How does it work? 13. What does “ATP” stand for? 14. Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. What is chemiosmosis? 15. Describe the similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. 16. What does ATP stand for? Describe its general structure. 17. What are the steps of aerobic cellular respiration? What happens in each step? What is the starting molecule in each step? Where in the cell does each step occur? What is the net yield of products for each of these pathways? How is cellular respiration different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? 18. What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in ATP production? What do NADH and FADH2 stand for? In other words, be able to write out the proper scientific names for these molecules. 19. How does ATP synthase make ATP? In which “step” of cellular respiration does the synthase operate? 20. Which step of cellular respiration is most efficient at ATP production? 21. What is fermentation? When/why would fermentation be used to make ATP? Describe lactic acid and alcohol fermentation. Is fermentation as efficient as cellular respiration in making ATP? 22. How can fat and protein catabolism contribute to ATP production?