Download Ch 11 Guided Reading

Name___________________________________Hour____________Date_______________________ Chapter 11 Guided Reading Introduction to Genetics Section 11.1: The Work of Gregor Mendel I.
The Experiments of Gregor Mendel a. What is h eredity? ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ b. Define Genetics. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ c. Who was Gregor Mendel? Where d id h e live, what d id he do, when d id h e live? ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ i. What organism did h e use for his work?_________________________________ 1. Why? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ 2. What is a “model s ystem”? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ d. The Role of Fertilization i. Male parts of the pea flower had ___________________, which contained sperm. ii. Female parts of flower produced reproductive cells called _________________. iii. Define fertilization. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ iv. What does it mean to ‘self’ pollinate? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ v. What does the term “true breeding” mean? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ vi. Define trait. _______________________________________________________ 1. Do traits vary? Yes or No?______________________________________ vii. Why and How d id Mendel cross his p ea plants? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 1. What is this process called? ____________________________________ viii. Define the term hybrid. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ e. Genes and Alleles i. When doing genetic crosses, what is the P generation? _________________________________________________________________ ii. What are the offspring of this generation called? _________________________________________________________________ iii. KEY QUESTION: Where does an organism get its unique characteristics? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ iv. Define the term genes. _________________________________________________________________ v. What are different expressions or forms of each trait/gene called?___________ f. Dominant and Recessive Alleles i. What is Mendel’s s econd conclusion called a nd d efine. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 1. When are dominant traits expressed? __________________________________________________________ 2. When are recessive traits expressed? __________________________________________________________ II. Segregation a. What was Mendel’s n ext question after crossing the p arent plants? ________________________________________________________________________ b. What did he do with his F1 p lants? ___________________________________________ c. What are the offspring of the F1 cross called? __________________________________ d. The F1 Cross i. Mendel made a remarkable discovery. What was it? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ii. What was the p ercentage/fraction of the F 2 p lants showing the recessive a llele? _________________________________________________________________ iii. So, why d id the recessive traits d isappear in the F1 cross, only to reappear in the F2 cross? e. Explaining the F1 Cross i. What did Mendel first assume? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ii. Define segregation. _________________________________________________________________
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iii. What did Mendel suggest and what are gametes? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ The Formation of Gametes i. Why were all of the F1 plants tall? _____________________________________ ii. KEY QUESTION: How are different forms of a gene d istributed to offspring? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ iii. How are genes represented as dominant or recessive in the text (think about the size/form of letters). 1. Dominant:______________________________________________ 2. Recessive:______________________________________________ Section 11.2: Applying Mendel’s Principles I.
Probability and Punnett Square a. Mendel carefully ___________________and _______________the offspring whenever he d id an experiment. This gave h im lots of data. b. What fraction of the resulting plants were tall when h e crossed two hybrids?________ c. What fraction was short? ______________ d. What is probability? Where else would you have learned about it? ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ e. What is the probability that a single coin flip will land h eads up? _____________ What percentage is this? _________________________ f. What is the probability of flipping 3 h eads in a row? Show b elow. g. Using Probability to Predict Outcomes i. Allele s egregation is as _________________as flipping a coin. ii. Look at Fig. 11-­‐7, why were only ¼ of the offspring short? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 1. What is the ONLY way for a p lant to be short? __________________________________________________________ iii. What was the predicted ration that showed up in all of Mendel’s experiments? _________________________________________________________________ iv. Did s egregation occur? ______________________________________________ v. Define homozygous and heterozygous b elow. _________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________ h. Probabilities Predict Averages i. The larger the number of offspring (or sample s ize) , the ______________ the predicted results will b e to the ______________________________________. i.
j.
Genotype and Phenotype i. Define genotype:__________________________________________________ ii. Define phenotype:_________________________________________________ Using Punnett Squares i. Define Punnett Square: _____________________________________________ ii. KEY QUESTION: How can we use probability to predict traits? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ iii. How do you construct a Punnett Square? Draw a sample b elow. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ II. Independent Assortment a. Mendel wondered if the s egregation of one pair of alleles affects another pair. (For example_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________. b. Distinguish b etween a dihybrid and a monohybrid cross. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ c. The Two Factor Cross: F1 i. Which a lleles were d ominant in this experiment? _________________________________________________________________ ii. What was the genotype of these F1 plants? _____________________________ iii. Do the d ihybrid cross from Fig 11-­‐9 RRYY x rryy in the s pace below. d. The Two-­‐Factor Cross: F2 i. Mendel crossed the ________plants to produce the _________ p lants. ii. Mendel noticed that some of the offspring from this cross had traits exhibited in neither parent. This meant that alleles for s eed shape segregated __________________________of those for s eed color. 1. Genes that ____________________ ___________________do not influence each other’s inheritance. iii. KEY QUESTION: How do a lleles s egregate when more than one gene is involved? _________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________ iv. Define independent assortment. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ v. Do the d ihybrid cross from Fig 11-­‐910 RrYy x RrYy in the space b elow. III. A Summary of Mendel’s Principles a. KEY QUESTION: What did Mendel contribute to our understanding of genetics? ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ b. Summarize the four key points outlined in this section. i. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ii. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ iii. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ iv. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Section 11.3: Other Patterns of Inheritance I.
Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles a. Incomplete Dominance i. Define incomplete dominance: ________________________________________________________________ ii. In this case, what happens when you cross a h omozygous red flower with a homozygous white flower? __________________________________________ b. Codominance i. Define codominance: _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ii. Give an example of codominance: _________________________________________________________________ c. Multiple Alleles i. Define m ultiple alleles: _________________________________________________________________ ii. Give an example of multiple alleles:____________________________________ d. Polygenic Traits i. Define polygenic trait: ______________________________________________ ii. Give an example of a polygenic triat:___________________________________ e. KEY QUESTION: What are some exceptions to Mendel’s Principles? Be sure to include a ll three parts. ________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________ II. Genes and the Environment a. The characteristics of an organism are not s olely determined by _______________________. The ________________________also has a role as to how genes develop. b. KEY QUESTION: Does the environment have a role in h ow genes d etermine traits? ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ Section 11.4: Meiosis I.
Chromosome Number a. Diploid Cells: What does diploid mean?________________________________________ i. What is a homologous chromosome? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ii. KEY QUESTION: How many sets of genes are found in most adult organisms? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ b. Haploid Cells: What does haploid mean?_______________________________________ c. Are the gametes of s exually reproducing organisms haploid or d iploid? ______________ II. Phases of Meiosis a. What is meiosis? What are the two types of cells in humans that meiosis occurs in? ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ b. Meiosis I i. What happens just prior to meiosis I? _________________________________________________________________ ii. Prophase I 1. KEY QUESTION: What happens during prophase I? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ 2. Define tetrad ___________________________________________________________ 3. Define crossing over. What does it produce new combinations of? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ iii. Metaphase I 1. KEY QUESTION: What happens during metaphase I? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ iv. Anaphase I 1. KEY QUESTION: What happens during anaphase I? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ v. Telophase I and Cytokinesis 1. KEY QUESTION: What happens during telophase I and cytokinesis? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ vi. Results of Meiosis I 1. Results in _____________cells, called ____________________ cells. 2. Each pair of homologous chromosomes was s eparated, so ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ 3. Each daughter cell has s ets of chromosomes and alleles that are _____________________from each other and from the parent cell. c. Meiosis II i. Do chromosomes replicate before meiosis II? ___________________________ ii. Prophase II 1. KEY QUESTION: What happens during prophase II? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ iii. Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis 1. KEY QUESTION: What happens during metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II a nd cytokinesis? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ 2. What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis II? __________________________________________________________ iv. Gametes to Zygotes 1. In males, gametes are ______________________________________ 2. In females, gametes are _____________________________________ 3. What is an egg called after it is fertilized? _______________________ III. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis a. One difference is that _______________________can be a form of asexual reproduction, whereas ________________________is a step in s exual reproduction. b. Replication and Separation of Genetic Material i. KEY QUESTION: How are mitosis and meiosis different? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ c. Changes in Chromosome Number i. KEY QUESTION: How are mitosis and meiosis different? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ d. Number of Cell Divisions i. KEY QUESTION: How are mitosis and meiosis different? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ IV. Gene Linkage and Gene Maps a. Gene Linkage i. What was Thomas Hunt Morgan’s contribution to genetics? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ii. What organism did h e study (use scientific and common name) _________________________________________________________________ iii. KEY QUESTION: How can two a lleles from different genes b e inherited together? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ b. Gene Mapping i. Summarize the work of Alfred Sturtevant. Who was he? Who d id h e work for? What did he do? _________________________________________________________________
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