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Biology Honors Final Exam Review Sheet
We have covered the chapter and sections listed below. This exam will only cover material from this semester, which
includes the chapters/sections listed below. Review each section, the vocabulary terms, and overarching concepts. The
Chapter Study Guides in your textbook may be a good starting point for refreshing your memory of the Key Concepts we
have learned this semester.
Unit 6-Genetics (11.1-11.4)
11.1 The work of Gregor Mendel
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The Experiments of Gregor Mendel
Describe experiments, principle of dominance, principle of segregation
11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles
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Probability and Punnett Squares
Independent Assortment
A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
o Inheritance of characteristics is determined by genes, which are passed from parents to offspring
o Where two or more forms of a gene exist, some are dominant and some are recessive
o In sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies (they got one from each of their parents).
These genes segregate from each other when gametes are formed
o Alleles for separate genes usually segregate independently from each other
11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance
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Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles
o Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Multiple Alleles, Polygenic Traits
o Genes and the Environment
11.4 Meiosis
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Chromosome Number
o Diploid cells vs. Haploid Cells
Phases of Meiosis
o Meiosis 1- results in two cells that have a different mix of genes than the original cell
 Prophase 1
 tetrad
 crossing over
 Metaphase 1
 Anaphase 1
 Telophase 1
 Cytokinesis
o Meiosis II- second division, ends in 4 cells, each with one chromosome for each gene
 Prophase II
 Metaphase II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II
 Cytokinesis II
o Gametes to zygotes
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Gene linkage and gene maps
Unit 7- Human Genetics- 12.2, 14.1, 14.2
12.2 The Structure of DNA
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The Components of DNA
Solving the Structure of DNA
o Chargaff’s Rule
o Franklin’s X-ray diffraction
o The work of Watson and Crick
The double helix model
o Antiparallel strands
o Hydrogen Bonding
o Base Pairing
14.1 Human Chromosomes
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Karyotypes
o Genome- all of the genetic info carried in our DNA
o Sex Chromosomes
o Autosomal Chromosomes
Transmission of human traits
o Dominant and Recessive Alleles
o Codominant and multiple alleles
o Sex Linked inheritance
o X- chromosome inactivation
Human pedigrees
14.2 Human Genetic Disorders
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From molecule to phenotype
Disorders caused by individual genes
o Sickle cell disease
o Cystic Fibrosis
o Huntington’s disease
Chromosomal disorders
o Trisomy 21
o Turner’s syndrome
o Klinefelter’s syndrome
Unit 8- Ecology (3.1-3.3, 4.2)
3.1 What is Ecology?
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Studying our living planet
o The science of ecology
o Levels of organization
 Individual organism
 Population
 Community
 Ecosystem
 Biome
 Biosphere
Biotic and abiotic factors
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Ecological methods
o Observation
o Experimentation
o Modeling
3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers
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Primary Producers
o Energy from the sun
o Life without light
Consumers
o Types of consumers
 Carnivores- kill and eat other animals
 Scavengers- animals that consume dead carcasses
 Decomposers- chemically break down organic matter, make detritus
 Herbivores- eat producers
 Omnivores- eats plants and animals
 Detritivores- eates detritus (small pieces of dead and decaying plant and animal remains)
3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
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Food Chains and Food Webs
o Food chains
o Food webs
Trophic Levels and ecological pyramids
o Pyramids of energy
o Pyramids of biomass
o Pyramids of Numbers
4.2 Niches and Community Interactions
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The Niche
o Tolerance
o Defining the niche
 Biological aspects of the niche
 Physical aspects of the niche
Competition
 Interspecific vs Intraspecific
o Competitive Exclusion Principle
o Dividing Resources (resource partitioning)
Predator- Prey RelationshipsHerbivore- Plant Relationships
Keystone species
Symbioses
o Mutualism
o Parasitism
o Commensalism
Unit 9- Animals (25.1-25.2, 29.1-29.2)
25.1 What is an animal?
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Characteristics of Animals
Types of Animals
o Invertebrates
o Chordates
 4 characteristics at some point in life
What Animals do to survive
o Maintaining homeostasis
 Gathering and Responding to information
 Obtaining and distributing oxygen and nutrients
 Collecting and Eliminating CO2 and Other Wastes
o Reproducing
25.2 Animal Body Plans and Evolution
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Features of Body Plans
o Levels of Organizationo Body Symmetry
o Differentiation of Germ Layers
 Endoderm
 Mesoderm
 Ectoderm
o Formation of a body cavity
 Coelomates
 Acelomates
 Pseudocoelomates
o Patterns of Embryological Development
 Zygote
 Blastula
 Blastopore
 Protostomes
 Deuterostomes
o Segmentation: Repeating Parts
o Cephalization
o Limb Formation (legs, flippers, wings)
Leave out the second Green heading that covers cladograms—we did not cover this in class!
29.1 Elements of Behavior
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Behavior and Evolution
Innate Behavior
Learned behavior
o Habituation
o Classical Conditioning
o Operant Conditioning
o Insight Learning
Complex Behaviors
o Imprinting
29.2
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Behavioral Cycles
o Circadian rhythms
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Seasonal changes
 Hibernation
 Migration
Social Behavior
o Courtshipo Territoriality and aggressiono Animal Societies
Communication
o Visual Signals
o Chemical signals
o Sound signals
o Language
Unit 10- Human Body Systems
For ONE human body system, describe the following in detail:
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Functions
Main structures and their specific functions
How does it help body maintain homeostasis
Reproductive System/ Fertilization and Development
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Sexual Development
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Fertilization and Early Development
Later Development
Format:
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Multiple Choice
o Some of these are fill in the blank style with 4 choices.
o True/false—filled in on bubble sheet True=A False=B
Written Essay
Questions? Email Ms. Simonton at [email protected]