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12/10/2012 Caitlin Crowder Chuang Li Danny Plyler Nicole Prater What is Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning is the term used by B.F. Skinner to describe the effects of the consequences of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of that behavior. The basic principle is simple: Acts that are reinforced tend to be repeated (Mazur, 2006) Behavior Consequence 1 12/10/2012 Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning US = Unconditioned Stimulus; CS = Conditioned Stimulus Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (12the Edition) Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment 2 12/10/2012 Reinforcement Reinforcement is any consequence that produces an increase in that behavior in the future. Positive Reinforcement Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding. For example, if your teacher gives you $5 each time you complete your homework (i.e. a reward) you are more likely to repeat this behavior in the future, thus strengthening the behavior of completing your homework. 3 12/10/2012 Skinner Box Consequence: Getting food Behavior: Pressing the bar Las Vegas, a Human Skinner Box? Negative Reinforcement The removal of an unpleasant reinforcer can also strengthen behavior. This is known as Negative Reinforcement because it is the removal of an adverse stimulus which is ‘rewarding’ to the animal. Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior because it stops or removes an unpleasant experience. For example, if you do not complete your homework you give your teacher $5. You will complete your homework to avoid paying $5, thus strengthening the behavior of completing your homework. 4 12/10/2012 Punishment Punishment is defined as the opposite of reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than increase it. Like reinforcement, punishment can work either by directly applying an unpleasant stimulus like a shock after a response or by removing a potentially rewarding stimulus, for instance, deducting someone’s pocket money to punish undesirable behavior. Punishment Positive punishment Presenting an aversive stimulus to decrease responding Corporal punishment (e.g., hitting); prison Negative punishment Removal of pleasant stimulus reduces responding Grounding; losing television privileges 5 12/10/2012 Behavioral Effects of Various Consequences Others ‐ Extinction In Extinction, a particular behavior is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition. Animals learning to press a bar in a Skinner box showed no signs of learning if food reward followed a bar press by more than 100 seconds 6 12/10/2012 Others ‐ Shaping In operant conditioning, the subject must first emit the response that the experimenter plans to reward. Shaping is the name given to those initial steps needed to get the subject to engage in the behavior that is to be rewarded. If, for example, a rat is to be rewarded for pressing a bar, it must first learn Generally, rewards (usually food) initially are given at the end of each of these steps. Finally, however, a reward is given only when the bar is pressed. Others http://vimeo.com/18823407 7 12/10/2012 Thank you 8