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Learning (Part II) 7-9% of AP Exam Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning • UCS + UCR + N, etc… • Voluntary (nonreflexive), • Acquisition • Extinction • Biological Predisposition • Pavlov • • • Watson • • • goal seeking Association of response with consequence Responding decreases especially when consistent reinforcement stops instinctive drift = Best learned behaviors are similar to natural behaviors Skinner Thorndike Operant Conditioning We learn to associate a response and its consequence Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson /operantconditioning.html#lesson Operant Conditioning Respondent Behavior (Classical Conditioning) occurs as an automatic response to stimulus Operant Behavior (Operant Conditioning) produces consequences Shaping operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward desired goal Reinforcer (shaper) any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Punishment (shaper) Event that decreases the behavior it follows http://educationportal.com/academy/less on/shaping.html#lesson Principles of Reinforcement Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need (food for hunger) Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/sche duling-reinforcement.html#lesson OC Reinforcement: OC Punishment Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs (doesn’t really happen in real life) 4 Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement Schedules reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction Ratios (based on # of responses) Fixed-Ratio – reinforces behaviors after set # of responses (getting paid for every 5th shirt that is produced) Variable-Ratio – reinforces after an unpredictable # of responses (gambling and fishing) Intervals (time between response) Fixed-Interval – reinforces first response after a fixed time (jello, cookies, mail(snail)) Variable-Interval – reinforces first response after a variable time (e-mail) Schedules of Reinforcement 1= Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses faster you respond the more rewards you get EX: Buy 10 coffees, get one free 2 = Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses EX: winning at poker, playing a slot machine Schedules of Reinforcement 3 = Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near EX: Allowance every Friday if your chores are completed 4 = Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responses EX: Receiving & Checking email Group Activity: Apply the concepts of operant conditioning to the following scenario: • You are the parent of a child between the ages of 3-12 years old. Think of a behavior you might want to change. Describe how you would use operant conditioning to “guide” your child’s behavior in a positive (i.e., socially acceptable) way. Be sure to include ideas about how you might address the each of the following: • Shaping (what’s your overall plan) • Positive reinforcement plan • Negative reinforcement plan • Positive punishment plan • Negative punishment plan • 4 Schedules of reinforcement = Which one would you use & why?