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Learning (Part II) 7-9% of AP Exam
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
• UCS + UCR + N, etc…
• Voluntary (nonreflexive),
• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Biological Predisposition
• Pavlov
•
•
• Watson
•
•
•
goal seeking
Association of response
with consequence
Responding decreases
especially when consistent
reinforcement stops
instinctive drift = Best
learned behaviors are
similar to natural behaviors
Skinner
Thorndike
Operant Conditioning
 We learn to associate a
response and its consequence
 Type of learning in which
behavior is strengthened if
followed by reinforcement or
diminished if followed by
punishment
 Law of Effect
 Thorndike’s principle that behaviors
followed by favorable
consequences become more likely,
and behaviors followed by
unfavorable consequences
become less likely
http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson
/operantconditioning.html#lesson
Operant Conditioning
 Respondent Behavior (Classical Conditioning)
 occurs as an automatic response to stimulus
 Operant Behavior (Operant Conditioning)
 produces consequences
 Shaping
 operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers
guide behavior toward desired goal
 Reinforcer (shaper)
 any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
 Punishment (shaper)
 Event that decreases the behavior it follows
http://educationportal.com/academy/less
on/shaping.html#lesson
Principles of Reinforcement
 Primary Reinforcer
 innately reinforcing
stimulus
 i.e., satisfies a
biological need (food
for hunger)
 Conditioned
Reinforcer
 stimulus that gains its
reinforcing power
through its
association with
primary reinforcer
http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/sche
duling-reinforcement.html#lesson
OC Reinforcement:
OC Punishment
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Continuous Reinforcement
 reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs (doesn’t really
happen in real life)
 4 Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement Schedules
 reinforcing a response only part of the time
 results in slower acquisition
 greater resistance to extinction
Ratios
(based on # of responses)
Fixed-Ratio – reinforces
behaviors after set # of
responses
(getting paid for every 5th shirt
that is produced)
Variable-Ratio – reinforces after
an unpredictable # of
responses
(gambling and fishing)
Intervals
(time between response)
Fixed-Interval – reinforces first
response after a fixed time
(jello, cookies, mail(snail))
Variable-Interval – reinforces
first response after a variable
time (e-mail)
Schedules of Reinforcement
 1= Fixed Ratio (FR)
 reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses
 faster you respond the more rewards
you get
 EX: Buy 10 coffees, get one free
 2 = Variable Ratio (VR)
 reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses
 EX: winning at poker, playing a slot
machine
Schedules of Reinforcement
 3 = Fixed Interval (FI)
 reinforces a response only after a
specified time has elapsed
 response occurs more frequently
as the anticipated time for reward
draws near
 EX: Allowance every Friday if your
chores are completed
 4 = Variable Interval (VI)
 reinforces a response at
unpredictable time intervals
 produces slow steady responses
 EX: Receiving & Checking email
Group Activity: Apply the concepts of operant
conditioning to the following scenario:
• You are the parent of a child between the ages of 3-12 years
old. Think of a behavior you might want to change. Describe
how you would use operant conditioning to “guide” your child’s
behavior in a positive (i.e., socially acceptable) way. Be sure to
include ideas about how you might address the each of the
following:
• Shaping (what’s your overall plan)
• Positive reinforcement plan
• Negative reinforcement plan
• Positive punishment plan
• Negative punishment plan
• 4 Schedules of reinforcement = Which one would you use &
why?