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BIOPSYCHOLOGY 8e
John P.J. Pinel
Copyright © Pearson Education 2011
Topics
PART ONE: Methods of Studying the
Nervous System
5.1 Methods of Visualizing and
Stimulating the Living Human Brain
5.2
Recording Human
Psychophysiological Activity
5.3
5.4
Invasive Physiological Research
Methods
Pharmacological Research Methods
5.5
Genetic Engineering
PART TWO: Behavioral Research
Methods of Biopsychology
5.6
Neuropsychological Testing
5.7
Behavioral Methods of Cognitive
Neuroscience
5.8
Biopsychological Paradigms of
Animal Behavior
Ironic case of
Professor P
Methods of Visualizing and
Stimulating the Living Human Brain
• Contrast X-rays – inject
something that absorbs
X-rays less or more than
surrounding tissue
• cerebral angiography
• X-Ray computed
tomography
• Computer-assisted
X-ray
procedure
• Provides a 3-D
representation
of the brain
FIGURE 5.2:
Computed
tomography (CT) uses
X-rays to create a CT
scan of the brain.
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Methods of Visualizing and
Stimulating the Living Human Brain
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• High resolution images
• Constructed from measurement of
waves that hydrogen atoms emit when
activated within a magnetic field
Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Provides images of brain activity
• Scan is an image of levels of
radioactivity in various parts of one
horizontal level of the brain
• A radiolabeled substance is
administered prior to the scan
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Methods of Visualizing and
Stimulating the Living Human Brain
• Functional MRI (fMRI)
• Provides images of brain structure and activity
• As with MRI, uses strong magnetic field
• Structure is imaged using waves emitted by hydrogen
ions
• Function is imaged using signal created from interaction
between oxygen and iron in the blood
-- BOLD signal
• Magnetoencephalography
• A measure of neural activity
• Measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of
the scalp
• Fast temporal resolution
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Methods of Visualizing and
Stimulating the Living Human Brain
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
• NOT a measure of neural activity
• Provides an experimental probe to alter neural activity
• TMS applies a brief, strong magnetic field that alters
neural activity
-- Can either activate or “deactivate” brain structures
-- Observe changes in behavior
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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
• Scalp electroencephalography
(EEG)
– Measure of gross electrical
activity of the brain
– Uses electrodes attached to
scalp
• Many techniques of EEG
– Wave form assessment (e.g.,
alpha waves)
– Event-related potentials (ERPs)
– Combination of EEG with MRI
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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
FIGURE 5.8:
Some typical
electroencephalograms
and their psychological
correlates
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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
FIGURE 5.9:
The averaging of an
auditory evoked
potential. Averaging
increases the signalto-noise ratio
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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
Muscle tension
• Electromyography is the
technique of measuring the
electrical activity of muscles
• Electromyogram (EMG) indicates
tension of muscles under the skin
Eye movement
• Electrooculography is the
technique of recording eye
movements
• Electrooculogram (EOG)
indicates changes in electrical
potential between the front and
back of the eyeball
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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
FIGURE 5.12:
The relation
between a raw
EMG signal and
its integrated
version. The
subject tensed
the muscle
beneath the
electrodes and
then gradually
relaxed it.
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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
FIGURE 5.13:
The typical placement of
electrodes around the
eye for
electrooculography. The
two electrooculogram
traces were recorded as
the subject scanned a
circle.
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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
Skin Conductance
• Measures of
electrodermal activity
• Techniques include
measurement of skin
conductance leavel
(SCL) and skin
conductance
response (SCR)
Cardiovascular Activity
• Often used to link
physiological changes
with emotional state
• Measures include
heart rate, blood
pressure, and blood
volume
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Invasive Physiological Research Methods
Stereotaxic surgery
• Requires use of
sterotaxic atlas
and instrument
FIGURE 5.14: Stereotaxic
surgery: implanting an
electrode in the rat
amygdala
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Invasive Physiological Research Methods
Lesion methods
• Bilateral and unilateral
lesions
• Several procedures each
requiring careful
interpretation of effects
• Aspiration lesions
• Radio-frequency
lesions
• Knife cuts
• Cryogenic blockade
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Invasive Physiological Research Methods
• Electrical stimulation
• Lesioning can be used to remove, damage, or inactivate a
structure
• Electrical stimulation may be used to “activate” a structure
• Stimulation of a structure may have an effect opposite to that
seen when the structure is lesioned
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Invasive Physiological Research Methods
Invasive electrophysiological
recording methods:
• Intracellular unit recording
– Membrane potential of a neuron
• Extracellular unit recording
– Firing of a neuron
• Multiple-unit recording
– Firing of many neurons
• Invasive EEG recording
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Invasive Physiological Research Methods
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Pharmacological Research Methods
• Routes of drug administration
• Fed to subject
• Injected through a tube into
stomach of subject
• Injected hypodermically into the
peritoneal cavity of the
abdomen, into the fatty tissue
beneath the skin, or into a large
surface vein of the subject
• Selective chemical lesions
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Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain
• 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique
– Inject animal with
radioactive 2-DG and allow
it to engage in behavior or
interest
– Use autoradiography to
see where radioactivity
accumulates in brain slices
• Cerebral dialysis – measures
extracellular concentration of
specific chemicals in live animals
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Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the
Brain
• Dye or radioactive labels used to
visualize the protein of interest
• Immunocytochemistry – based on
the binding of labeled proteinspecific antibodies
• Immune response – antibodies
created that bind and
remove/destroy antigens
(foreign proteins)
• In situ hybridization – uses labeled
RNA to locate neurons with
complementary mRNA
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Genetic Engineering
• Gene knockout techniques
• Subjects missing a given gene can provide
insight into what the gene controls
• Difficult to interpret results – most behavior is
controlled by many genes and removing one
gene may alter the expression of others,
including compensation for missing gene
• Antisense drugs block expression of a gene
• Gene replacement techniques
• Insert pathological human genes in mice
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Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow
• Green fluorescent protein (GFP)
exhibits bright green florescence when
exposed to blue light
• Variants of the gene for GFP can
express other colors
• These GFP genes can be inserted into
DNA of neurons—color can then be
viewed when targeted neuronal genes
are expressed
• Brainbow
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Neuropsychological Testing
• Time-consuming – only
conducted on a small portion
of those with brain damage
• Assists in diagnosing neural
disorders
• Serves as a basis for
counseling/caring
• Provides information on
effectiveness and side effects
of treatment
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Modern Approaches to Neuropsychological Testing
• Single-test
• Used to differentiate brain damage from
functional (psychological) causes
• Standardized-test-battery
• Same goal as single-test approach
• Halstead-Reitan, for example
• Customized-test-battery
• Now predominant
• Characterizes nature of psychological
deficits
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Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery
• Intelligence
– Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
– WAIS, an IQ test
• Memory
– Digit span subtest
• Language – problems of phonology, syntax, or
semantics
• Language lateralization – used to identify
language-dominant hemisphere
– Sodium amytal – anesthetize one
hemisphere
– Dichotic listening – ear contralateral to
dominant hemisphere shows superior
hearing ability
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Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery
• Memory – exploring nature of deficits
•
•
•
•
Short-term, long-term, or both?
Anterograde or retrograde?
Semantic or episodic?
Explicit or implicit? (repetition priming
tests)
• Language – problems of phonology,
syntax, or semantics
• Frontal-Lobe Function
• Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
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Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
• Each complex cognitive process
results from the combined activity
of simple cognitive processes
(constituent cognitive
processes)
• Each complex cognitive process is
mediated by neural activity in a
particular area of the brain
• Goal is to identify the parts of the
brain that mediate various
constituent cognitive processes
• Paired-image subtraction
technique: compare PET or fMRI
images during several different
cognitive tasks
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Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior
Procedures developed for the
investigation of a particular
behavioral phenomenon
Assessment of Species-common
behaviors:
• Open-field test
•Tests of Aggressive and Defensive
Behavior
•Tests of Sexual Behavior
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Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior
Traditional Conditioning
Paradigms:
• Pavlovian conditioning (pairing an
unconditioned stimulus with a
conditioned stimulus)
•Operant conditioning
•Self-stimulation
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Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior
Seminatural Animal
Learning Paradigms:
• Conditioned Taste Aversion
• Radial Arm Maze
• Morris Water Maze
• Conditioned Defensive
Burying
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Watch: Visit to a Cognitive
Neuroscience Laboratory
Watch: Robert Sternberg on Intelligence
Note: To view the MyPsychLab assets, please make sure you are connected to the
internet and have a browser opened and logged into www.mypsychlab.com.
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Acknowledgments
Slide
Image Description
Image Source
template
lightning
©istockphoto.com/Soubrette
template
background texture
©istockphoto.com/Hedda Gjerpen
ch05 image
Someone whose brain is being studied in a lab
©istockphoto.com/annedde
3
Figure 5.2
Pinel 8e, p. 103
4
PET scan
©istockphoto.com/BanksPhotos
someone whose brain is being studied in a lab
©istockphoto.com/annedde
8
Figure 5.8
Pinel 8e, p. 107
9
Figure 5.9
Pinel 8e, p. 108
10
eye
©istockphoto.com/Tyler Stalman
11
Figure 5.12
Pinel 8e, p. 109
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Figure 5.13
Pinel 8e, p. 110
14
Figure 5.14
Pinel 8e, p. 111
15
Figure 5.15
Pinel 8e, p. 112
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Figure 5.16
Pinel 8e, p. 113
16
EKG Heartbeat
©istockphoto.com/dan ionut popescu
18
Figure 5.17
Pinel 8e, p. 114
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pill background
©istockphoto.com/Fotografia Basica
20
hand holding rat
©iStockphoto.com/sidsnapper
21, 28
brain
©istockphoto.com/Stephen Kirklys
22
DNA
©istockphoto.com/Mark Evans
22, 29
white rat
©iStockphoto.com/Elena Butinova
7, 17
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Acknowledgments
23
colored smoke
©istockphoto.com/Wolfgang Amri
24, 25
blue sky & clouds
©istockphoto.com/kertlis
24
neuron
©istockphoto.com/ktsimage
26, 27
book
©istockphoto.com/Carmen Martínez Banús
27
Figure 5.23
Pinel 8e, p. 122
30
salivating dog
©istockphoto.com/Jess Wiberg
30
hand
©istockphoto.com/Stas Perov
30
bell
©istockphoto.com/Igor Sandra
30
dog food bowl
©istockphoto.com/Jonas Engström
31
Figure 5.26
Pinel 8e, p. 126
32
laptop
©istockphoto.com/CostinT
32
table and wall
©istockphoto.com/David Clark
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