Download Cells

Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Cells & Cell Organelles
Doing Life’s Work
AP Biology
Types of cells
2009-2010
bacteria
cells
Prokaryote
- no organelles
Eukaryotes
- organelles
animal cells
plant cells
Regents Biology
1
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Cell size comparison
most bacteria
Animal cell
Bacterial cell
 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns
Regents Biology
 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Why study cells?
 Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies
bodies are made up of cells
 cells do all the work of life!

Regents Biology
2
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
The Work of Life
 What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…

“breathe”
 gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out

eat
 take in & digest food

make energy
 ATP

ATP
build molecules
 proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids


remove wastes
control internal conditions
 homeostasis


respond to external environment
build more cells
Regents Biology
 growth, repair, reproduction & development
The Jobs of Cells
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need energy for all activities
ATP
 need to clean up waste produced
while making energy

Our organelles
do all these
jobs!
make proteins
 proteins do all the work in a cell,
so we need lots of them

make more cells
 for growth
 to replace damaged or diseased cells
Regents Biology
3
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Organelles
 Organelles do the work of cells

each structure has a job to do
 keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
They’re like
mini-organs!
Regents Biology
Model Animal Cell
1. Cells need power!
 Making energy

to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
 take in food & digest it
 take in oxygen (O2)
ATP
 make ATP
 remove waste

organelles that do this work…
 cell membrane
 lysosomes
 vacuoles & vesicles
 mitochondria
Regents Biology
4
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Cell membrane
phosphate
“head”
 Function
separates cell from outside
 controls what enters or leaves cell

lipid “tail”
 O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste

recognizes signals from other cells
 allows communication between cells
 Structure

double layer of fat
 phospholipid bilayer

receptor molecules
 proteins that
receive
Regents Biology
signals
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
5
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Cytoskeleton
 Function

structural support
 maintains shape of cell
 provides anchorage for organelles
 protein fibers


microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
motility
 cell locomotion
 cilia, flagella, etc.

regulation
 organizes structures
& activities of cell
Regents Biology
Cytoskeleton
 actin
 microtubule
 nuclei
Regents Biology
6
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Vacuoles & vesicles
 Function
moving material
around cell
 storage

 Structure
small food
particle

membrane sac
vacuole filled w/
digestive enzymes
vesicle
vesicle filled w/
Regents Biology
digested nutrients
Food & water storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
Regents Biology
contractile
vacuole
7
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
Regents Biology
 Function
Lysosomes

digest food
 used to make energy

clean up & recycle
 digest broken
organelles
 Structure

lysosomes
small food
particle
vacuole
membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting broken
organelles
digesting food
Regents Biology
8
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
LYSOSOME
Image Credit: http://www.biokurs.de/
Regents Biology
LYSOSOME
 Not discovered by electron microscopy but by

centrifugation and enzyme analysis
Some scientists suggest that they are not
present in plant cells
Structure: Simple, spherical, single membrane
bound
 Lysosomes contain a large number of
CATABOLIC enzymes. Catabolic enzymes digest
materials by hydrolysis
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents
Biology
9
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Enzymes found in lysosomes
ENZYME
SUBSTRATE
Acid phosphatase
Phosphate esters
Acid ribonuclease
RNA
Acid deoxyribonuclease
DNA
Glycosidases
Polysaccharides
Protease
Proteins and peptides
Lipase
Lipids
Phospholipase
Phospholipids
More than 40 types of enzymes are known to occur in lysosomes.
© 2010 Paul Billiet
ODWS
Regents
Biology
LYSOSOME
Function
 Digestion of compounds taken in by the
cell by endocytosis
 Recycling of material within the cell
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents
Biology
10
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
Regents Biology
EUKARYOTE CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE
ORGANELLE
MAIN FUNCTIONS
DIMENSIONS
Nucleus
Cell division, protein
synthesis
10 µm diameter
Mitochondrion
Respiration pathways
1.0 to 12.5 µm
Chloroplast
Photosynthetic pathways
Lysosome
Digestion, recycling &
isolation
0.5 to 3.0 µm diameter
Golgi apparatus
Secretion, reprocessing,
lysosome synthesis
Cisternae: 0.5µm thick,
l-3µm diameter
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Support, Golgi apparatus
synthesis
26 to 56 nm thick
Ribosome
Protein synthesis
5 to 10 µm diameter
20 nm diameter
Regents Biology
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
11
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Mitochondria
 Function

make ATP energy from cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 fuels the work of life
ATP
 Structure

double membrane
in both animal &
plant cells
Regents Biology
MITOCHONDRION (gk mitos = thread
khondrion = granule)
TEM of
mitochondrion
from mouse
kidney cell
Image Credit: University of Georgia
Regents Biology
12
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
MITOCHONDRION (pl. mitochondria)
Cristae
Inner
matrix
Inter membrane
space
Mitochond
rial
envelope
outer
membran
e
inner
membra
ne
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents Biology
1.0 to 12.5
µm
MITOCHONDRION
Pigments Cytochromes
Functions
 The inner membrane contains the enzyme
necessary for the synthesis of Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
 The mitochondria are closely associated with
the pathways of respiration
 These metabolic pathways are divided up and
supported by the membranes
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents
Biology
13
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
Regents Biology
Plants make energy two ways!
 Mitochondria

ATP
make energy from sugar + O2
 cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 Chloroplasts

make energy + sugar from sunlight
 photosynthesis
 sunlight + CO2  ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy

sugar
ATP
build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
Regents Biology
14
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
CHLOROPLAST (Gk chloros = green
plast = form or shape)
TEM chloroplast
RegentsImage
Biology
Credit: University of Wisconsin
CHLOROPLAST
Chloropl
ast
envelope
outer
membrane
inner
membrane
Stroma
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents
Biology
Gran
a
Fret
s
Thylakoid
membrane
Starch
5 to 10 grains
µm
15
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
CHLOROPLAST
Pigments Mainly chlorophylls with
carotenoids and others
Function: Photosynthesis
 The metabolic pathways are closely
associated with the membranes as in
the case of the mitochondrion
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents
Biology
Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
mitochondria
chloroplast
Regents Biology
16
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
2. Cells need workers = proteins!
 Making proteins

to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
 read genes (DNA)
 build proteins
 structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
 enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
 signals (hormones) & receptors

organelles that do this work…




nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Regents Biology
17
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
structural
enzymes
signals
receptors
DNA
proteins
cells
Regents Biology
Nucleus
 Function
control center of cell
 protects DNA

 instructions for building proteins
 Structure
nuclear membrane
 nucleolus

 ribosome factory

chromosomes
 DNA
Regents Biology
18
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
NUCLEUS (latin kernel)
TEM Nucleus
of a rat
hepatocyte
Image Credit: www.sinauer.com
Regents Biology
NUCLEUS (plural - nuclei)
10
µm
Usually spherical occupying
up to 75% of the cell volume
Regents Biology
19
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
NUCLEUS
Functions
 Main site of DNA in eukaryotic cells
 Preservation, replication and expression


of genetic information
It makes RNA for protein synthesis
It copies DNA for cell division
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents
Biology
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
Regents Biology
20
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Ribosomes
 Function


protein factories
read instructions to build proteins from DNA
 Structure


some free in cytoplasm
some attached to ER
Ribosomes on ER
Regents Biology
RIBOSOME
Image Credit: www.palaeos.com/
Image Credit: British Society for Cell Biology
Regents Biology
21
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
RIBOSOME
 NOT membrane


bound
Found both in proand eukarotes
The subunits are
synthesised
separately in the
nucleolus of the
nucleus of
eukaryotes
Regents Biology
Large ribosome
subunit
Small ribosome
subunit
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
RIBOSOME
Distribution in the cytoplasm
•
•
•
single free-floating
attached to rough ER
linked together as a POLYRIBOSOME
or POLYSOME
Function: Protein synthesis
Chemical composition
Protein + RNA in other words it is a
nucleoprotein
Regents Biology
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
22
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
ribosomes
build proteins
Regents Biology
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function

works on proteins
 helps complete the
proteins after ribosome
builds them

makes membranes
 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached
 works on proteins

smooth ER
 makes membranes
Regents Biology
23
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Regents Biology
Image Credit: www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Rough
ER
Smooth
ER
Membran
es
Regents Biology© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Transp
ort
vesicles
Lumen
which can
occupy up
to 10% of
the cell
volume
24
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
ER Functions
 Not easy to study the ER is that it is difficult




to extract intact
ER starts the biosynthetic pathways form
many protein and lipid molecules in the cell
These continue in the Golgi apparatus
Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it as
opposed to Smooth ER
The proteins are made on rough ER will
eventually be secreted outside the cell
Regents Biology
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
ER
works on proteins
makes membranes
Regents Biology
25
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Golgi Apparatus (Body)
 Function

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
 like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
 Structure

vesicles
carrying proteins
membrane sacs
Regents Biology
transport vesicles
GOLGI APPARATUS
Image Credit: International Journal of Morphology
Regents Biology
26
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
GOLGI APPARATUS
Golgi vesicles
transport the
materials from
one cisterna to
the next
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents
Biology
Transport vesicles
bring material from
the endoplasmic
reticulum to the
entry face
Golgi vesicles take
transformed materials
from the exit face to their
destination
Cisternae
are
flattened
sacs
GOLGI APPARATUS
Functions
 Processing and packaging
 Synthesising lysosomes to
contain the potentially dangerous
catabolic enzymes
 Producing secretory vesicles e.g.
mucus
 Making more plasma membrane
© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS
Regents
Biology
27
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
Regents Biology
The relationship between organelles
Exocytosis
Endocytos
is
ER
Nucle
us
Exocyto
sis
Ribosomes
Golgi
apparat
us
Lysoso
me
©
2010 Paul Billiet
ODWS
Regents
Biology
28
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
Ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
Regents Biology
3. Cells need to make more cells!
 Making more cells

to replace, repair & grow,
the cell must…
 copy their DNA
 make extra organelles
 divide the new DNA & new
organelles between 2 new
“daughter” cells

organelles that do this
work…
 nucleus
 centrioles
Regents Biology
29
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
Centrioles
 Function

help coordinate cell division
 only in animal cells
 Structure

one pair in each cell
Regents Biology
Centrioles
 Cell division

in animal cells, pair of centrioles
organize microtubules
 spindle fibers

guide chromosomes in mitosis
Regents Biology
30
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
centrioles
cell division
Regents Biology
Cell Summary
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need food + O2
 cellular respiration & photosynthesis
 need to remove wastes

make proteins
Our organelles
do all those
jobs!
 need instructions from DNA
 need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein

make more cells
 need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
Regents Biology
31
Name ___________________________
Ms. Foglia
Regents Biology
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
centrioles
cell division
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
nucleus
control cell
protects DNA
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
nucleolus
make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
processes proteins
makes membranes
ribosomes
make proteins
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
finish & ship
proteins
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
32