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Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work AP Biology Types of cells 2009-2010 bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Regents Biology 1 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Cell size comparison most bacteria Animal cell Bacterial cell 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns Regents Biology micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns Why study cells? Cells Tissues Organs Bodies bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life! Regents Biology 2 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology The Work of Life What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… “breathe” gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out eat take in & digest food make energy ATP ATP build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids remove wastes control internal conditions homeostasis respond to external environment build more cells Regents Biology growth, repair, reproduction & development The Jobs of Cells Cells have 3 main jobs make energy need energy for all activities ATP need to clean up waste produced while making energy Our organelles do all these jobs! make proteins proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells Regents Biology 3 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Organelles Organelles do the work of cells each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They’re like mini-organs! Regents Biology Model Animal Cell 1. Cells need power! Making energy to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) ATP make ATP remove waste organelles that do this work… cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria Regents Biology 4 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Cell membrane phosphate “head” Function separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell lipid “tail” O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells Structure double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer receptor molecules proteins that receive Regents Biology signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology 5 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Cytoskeleton Function structural support maintains shape of cell provides anchorage for organelles protein fibers microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules motility cell locomotion cilia, flagella, etc. regulation organizes structures & activities of cell Regents Biology Cytoskeleton actin microtubule nuclei Regents Biology 6 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Vacuoles & vesicles Function moving material around cell storage Structure small food particle membrane sac vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle vesicle filled w/ Regents Biology digested nutrients Food & water storage food vacuole plant cells central vacuole animal cells Regents Biology contractile vacuole 7 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage Regents Biology Function Lysosomes digest food used to make energy clean up & recycle digest broken organelles Structure lysosomes small food particle vacuole membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles digesting food Regents Biology 8 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology LYSOSOME Image Credit: http://www.biokurs.de/ Regents Biology LYSOSOME Not discovered by electron microscopy but by centrifugation and enzyme analysis Some scientists suggest that they are not present in plant cells Structure: Simple, spherical, single membrane bound Lysosomes contain a large number of CATABOLIC enzymes. Catabolic enzymes digest materials by hydrolysis © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology 9 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Enzymes found in lysosomes ENZYME SUBSTRATE Acid phosphatase Phosphate esters Acid ribonuclease RNA Acid deoxyribonuclease DNA Glycosidases Polysaccharides Protease Proteins and peptides Lipase Lipids Phospholipase Phospholipids More than 40 types of enzymes are known to occur in lysosomes. © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology LYSOSOME Function Digestion of compounds taken in by the cell by endocytosis Recycling of material within the cell © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology 10 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling Regents Biology EUKARYOTE CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE ORGANELLE MAIN FUNCTIONS DIMENSIONS Nucleus Cell division, protein synthesis 10 µm diameter Mitochondrion Respiration pathways 1.0 to 12.5 µm Chloroplast Photosynthetic pathways Lysosome Digestion, recycling & isolation 0.5 to 3.0 µm diameter Golgi apparatus Secretion, reprocessing, lysosome synthesis Cisternae: 0.5µm thick, l-3µm diameter Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Support, Golgi apparatus synthesis 26 to 56 nm thick Ribosome Protein synthesis 5 to 10 µm diameter 20 nm diameter Regents Biology © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS 11 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Mitochondria Function make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP fuels the work of life ATP Structure double membrane in both animal & plant cells Regents Biology MITOCHONDRION (gk mitos = thread khondrion = granule) TEM of mitochondrion from mouse kidney cell Image Credit: University of Georgia Regents Biology 12 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology MITOCHONDRION (pl. mitochondria) Cristae Inner matrix Inter membrane space Mitochond rial envelope outer membran e inner membra ne © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology 1.0 to 12.5 µm MITOCHONDRION Pigments Cytochromes Functions The inner membrane contains the enzyme necessary for the synthesis of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) The mitochondria are closely associated with the pathways of respiration These metabolic pathways are divided up and supported by the membranes © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology 13 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Regents Biology Plants make energy two ways! Mitochondria ATP make energy from sugar + O2 cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight photosynthesis sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy sugar ATP build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars Regents Biology 14 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology CHLOROPLAST (Gk chloros = green plast = form or shape) TEM chloroplast RegentsImage Biology Credit: University of Wisconsin CHLOROPLAST Chloropl ast envelope outer membrane inner membrane Stroma © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology Gran a Fret s Thylakoid membrane Starch 5 to 10 grains µm 15 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology CHLOROPLAST Pigments Mainly chlorophylls with carotenoids and others Function: Photosynthesis The metabolic pathways are closely associated with the membranes as in the case of the mitochondrion © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast Regents Biology 16 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up 2. Cells need workers = proteins! Making proteins to run daily life & growth, the cell must… read genes (DNA) build proteins structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors organelles that do this work… nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Regents Biology 17 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structural enzymes signals receptors DNA proteins cells Regents Biology Nucleus Function control center of cell protects DNA instructions for building proteins Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus ribosome factory chromosomes DNA Regents Biology 18 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology NUCLEUS (latin kernel) TEM Nucleus of a rat hepatocyte Image Credit: www.sinauer.com Regents Biology NUCLEUS (plural - nuclei) 10 µm Usually spherical occupying up to 75% of the cell volume Regents Biology 19 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology NUCLEUS Functions Main site of DNA in eukaryotic cells Preservation, replication and expression of genetic information It makes RNA for protein synthesis It copies DNA for cell division © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA Regents Biology 20 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Ribosomes Function protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA Structure some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER Regents Biology RIBOSOME Image Credit: www.palaeos.com/ Image Credit: British Society for Cell Biology Regents Biology 21 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology RIBOSOME NOT membrane bound Found both in proand eukarotes The subunits are synthesised separately in the nucleolus of the nucleus of eukaryotes Regents Biology Large ribosome subunit Small ribosome subunit © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS RIBOSOME Distribution in the cytoplasm • • • single free-floating attached to rough ER linked together as a POLYRIBOSOME or POLYSOME Function: Protein synthesis Chemical composition Protein + RNA in other words it is a nucleoprotein Regents Biology © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS 22 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology ribosomes build proteins Regents Biology Endoplasmic Reticulum Function works on proteins helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them makes membranes Structure rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins smooth ER makes membranes Regents Biology 23 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Regents Biology Image Credit: www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Rough ER Smooth ER Membran es Regents Biology© 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Transp ort vesicles Lumen which can occupy up to 10% of the cell volume 24 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology ER Functions Not easy to study the ER is that it is difficult to extract intact ER starts the biosynthetic pathways form many protein and lipid molecules in the cell These continue in the Golgi apparatus Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it as opposed to Smooth ER The proteins are made on rough ER will eventually be secreted outside the cell Regents Biology © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS ER works on proteins makes membranes Regents Biology 25 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Golgi Apparatus (Body) Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks” Structure vesicles carrying proteins membrane sacs Regents Biology transport vesicles GOLGI APPARATUS Image Credit: International Journal of Morphology Regents Biology 26 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology GOLGI APPARATUS Golgi vesicles transport the materials from one cisterna to the next © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology Transport vesicles bring material from the endoplasmic reticulum to the entry face Golgi vesicles take transformed materials from the exit face to their destination Cisternae are flattened sacs GOLGI APPARATUS Functions Processing and packaging Synthesising lysosomes to contain the potentially dangerous catabolic enzymes Producing secretory vesicles e.g. mucus Making more plasma membrane © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology 27 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins Regents Biology The relationship between organelles Exocytosis Endocytos is ER Nucle us Exocyto sis Ribosomes Golgi apparat us Lysoso me © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWS Regents Biology 28 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle TO: TO: TO: vesicle Ribosomes TO: finished protein protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins Regents Biology 3. Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells organelles that do this work… nucleus centrioles Regents Biology 29 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology Centrioles Function help coordinate cell division only in animal cells Structure one pair in each cell Regents Biology Centrioles Cell division in animal cells, pair of centrioles organize microtubules spindle fibers guide chromosomes in mitosis Regents Biology 30 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology centrioles cell division Regents Biology Cell Summary Cells have 3 main jobs make energy need food + O2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes make proteins Our organelles do all those jobs! need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells Regents Biology 31 Name ___________________________ Ms. Foglia Regents Biology cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleus protects DNA controls cell centrioles cell division ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology nucleus control cell protects DNA ER helps finish proteins makes membranes nucleolus make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up 32