Download Observational learning

Preview p. 10
 Can you recall a time when a teacher, coach, family member,
or employer helped you learn something by shaping your
behavior in little steps until you achieved your goal?
Learning
pp. 336-347
Notebook p.11
Objective 18: How are Skinner’s views
of human behavior controversial?
 Neglected personal freedom and control over actions
Objective 19: What are the
applications of Operant Conditioning?
 At school:
 Immediate feedback
 Differentiated instruction
 Interactive educational software
 In sports:
 Successive approximations (shaping) to teach skills
 At work:
 Performance expectations are well-defined and achievable
 Incentive programs and reinforcement
Objective 19: What are the
applications of Operant Conditioning?
 At home:
 Bills and energy conservation
 Parent-child relationships
 Reinforcing our own desirable behavior
Objective 20: What are the similarities and
differences between classical and operant
conditioning?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Response
Involuntary, automatic
Acquisition
Associating events; CS announces US. Associating response with consequence
(reinforcer or punisher).
Extinction
CR decreases when CS is repeatedly
presented alone.
Responding decreases when reinforcement
stops.
Cognitive
Processes
Organisms develop expectation that
CS signals the arrival of US.
Organisms develop expectation that a
response will be reinforced or punished;
they also exhibit latent learning, without
reinforcement.
Biological
Natural predispositions constrain
predispositions what stimuli and responses can easily
be associated.
Voluntary, operates on environment.
Organisms best learn behaviors similar to
their natural behaviors; unnatural
behaviors instinctively drift.
Objective 21: What is observational learning?
What is the importance of mirror neurons?
 Observational learning: acquiring knowledge by watching
others perform a task
 Modeling: imitating or copying a behavior that is directly
observed
 Mirror neurons: neural basis for observational learning
 Monkey see, monkey do
 Exist in frontal lobe near motor cortex
 Empathy, behavior
Objective 22: What did Albert Bandura
discover regarding whether we will imitate a
model?
 We are especially likely to imitate people we perceive as
similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable
Objective 22: What did Albert Bandura discover
regarding whether we will imitate a model?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pr0OTCVtHbU
Objective 23: Discuss the impact of
prosocial learning?
 Prosocial behavior: positive, constructive, helpful behavior
 Gandhi, MLK Jr.
 Parents/Teachers modeling morality and humanitarian concern
 “Do as I do”
Objective 24: What’s the deal with TV
and Observational Learning?
 “higher levels of viewing violence on television are correlated
with increased acceptance of aggressive attitudes and
aggressive behavior”
 Correlation does NOT equal causation
 Prolonged exposure to violence desensitizes viewers
Process p.10
 Who has been a significant role model for you? For whom
are you a model of behavior?