Download Learning theories Classical conditioning • Automatic responses with

Learning theories
Classical conditioning
 Automatic responses with new stimuli
 Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist 1920’s
 Unconditioned response/stimuli – Naturally occurring with normal response
 Conditioned response/stimuli – Stimuli which evokes an emotional response.
 E.g. Pavlov’s dog’s tuning fork made the dogs salivate before food was even visible.
Operant conditioning
 Skinner 1953
 Learning which behaviours you want to do depending on the previous outcome
 ABC – Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence
 Consequences – Positive or negative reinforcement, punishment
 Vicarious reinforcement is when you reinforce someone else and therefore you modify your
behaviour based on their reinforcement.
Social cognitive theory – Bandura
 Albert Bandura 1997. Example in early study in 1965 Bobo doll, three groups all shown
footage of bodo doll being damaged. 1 group was shown rewarded, one was punished, one
had nothing. Then they were asked to imitate the damage done for a reward, and every one
did it. Proving they learnt they simply weren’t acting upon it.
 Personal factors – Cognitive, affective and biological. Beliefs, attitudes, goals, knowledge,
emotions, self-regulation, efficacy.
 Environmental – Resources, other people, consequences of actions, physical setting, models
and teachers
 Behavioural – Individual actions, choices, verbal statements, persistence, motivation
Four stages of observational learning
 Attention
 Retention
 Motor reproduction
 Motivational response
Factors that affect observational learning
 Developmental status - Longer attention span, use of strategies,
 Model prestige and competence - They will attempt to copy these models
 Vicarious consequences - If you eat your vegetables you can have dessert
 Outcome expectations - Behaving in a certain way will be rewarded by other things
 Goal setting - Set goals
 Self-efficacy - Confidence in performing