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LEARNING
HOW DO WE LEARN?
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Learning
Process of gaining new and long lasting info
 Benefits?
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Learn by associations
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Learned behaviors happen subtly and feed habits
Conditioning
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Associative learning – links 2 events
 Classical
 Operant
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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Ivan Pavlov
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Salivating Dog experiment
Unconditional response (food)
 Conditioned stimuli (bell)
 Conditioned response (anticipation)
 Conditioned stimulus
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5 Processes:
Acquisition – initial learning
 Extinction – diminished response
 Spontaneous recovery – reappearance of conditioned response
 Generalization – response to stimuli similar to CS
 Discrimination – distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not
signal UR (unconditioned response)
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Pavlov's Salivating Dog
 Watson's Little Albert
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
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B.F. Skinner
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Law of effect: rewarded behaviors will reoccur
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Reinforcement: any event that strengthens proceeding event
Shaping Behavior: gradually guiding actions to desired behavior
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Positive reinforcement: add desired stimulus
Negative reinforcement: remove aversive stimulus
Primary reinforcement: unlearned
Conditioned: learned association
Reinforcement schedules
 Continuous – learning occurs quickly
 Partial- learning slow
 Fixed ratio – reinforce after set # of responses
 Variable ratio – reinforce after unpredictable # of responses
 Fixed interval – reinforce first response after a fixed period of time
 Variable interval – reinforce first response after an unpredictable
period of time
Punishment: decreases behavior
 Positive: administer aversion
 Negative: withdraw reward
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Skinner's Box
 Reinforcement Schedule
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COMPARISON OF LEARNING
Classical
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Organism associates events
Automatic response
Associating events – NS
paired with US and becomes
CS
CR decreases when CS is
repeatedly presented alone
Reappearance of
extinguished CR
Respond to stimuli similar
to CR
Learned ability to
distinguish between a CS
and other stimuli
Operant
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Organism associates behavior
and resulting events
Voluntary response
Associating response with
consequence (reinforcer or
punisher)
Responding decreases when
reinforcement stops
Reappearance of extinguished
response
Organism’s response to similar
stimuli also reinforced
Organism learns that certain
responses will be reinforced
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
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Observation
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Learn without direct experience
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Modeling – observe and imitate others
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment
 Mirror neurons – neural basis for everyday imitation
 Theory of mind: understanding another person
 Prosocial (positive, helpful)
 Antisocial (aggressive)
 Can violence influence kids?
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