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LEARNING HOW DO WE LEARN? Learning Process of gaining new and long lasting info Benefits? Learn by associations Learned behaviors happen subtly and feed habits Conditioning Associative learning – links 2 events Classical Operant CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Ivan Pavlov Salivating Dog experiment Unconditional response (food) Conditioned stimuli (bell) Conditioned response (anticipation) Conditioned stimulus 5 Processes: Acquisition – initial learning Extinction – diminished response Spontaneous recovery – reappearance of conditioned response Generalization – response to stimuli similar to CS Discrimination – distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not signal UR (unconditioned response) CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Pavlov's Salivating Dog Watson's Little Albert OPERANT CONDITIONING B.F. Skinner Law of effect: rewarded behaviors will reoccur Reinforcement: any event that strengthens proceeding event Shaping Behavior: gradually guiding actions to desired behavior Positive reinforcement: add desired stimulus Negative reinforcement: remove aversive stimulus Primary reinforcement: unlearned Conditioned: learned association Reinforcement schedules Continuous – learning occurs quickly Partial- learning slow Fixed ratio – reinforce after set # of responses Variable ratio – reinforce after unpredictable # of responses Fixed interval – reinforce first response after a fixed period of time Variable interval – reinforce first response after an unpredictable period of time Punishment: decreases behavior Positive: administer aversion Negative: withdraw reward OPERANT CONDITIONING Skinner's Box Reinforcement Schedule COMPARISON OF LEARNING Classical Organism associates events Automatic response Associating events – NS paired with US and becomes CS CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone Reappearance of extinguished CR Respond to stimuli similar to CR Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli Operant Organism associates behavior and resulting events Voluntary response Associating response with consequence (reinforcer or punisher) Responding decreases when reinforcement stops Reappearance of extinguished response Organism’s response to similar stimuli also reinforced Organism learns that certain responses will be reinforced OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Observation Learn without direct experience Modeling – observe and imitate others Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment Mirror neurons – neural basis for everyday imitation Theory of mind: understanding another person Prosocial (positive, helpful) Antisocial (aggressive) Can violence influence kids?