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How do you think modern technology affects learning? Learning-a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Associative Learning-learning certain events can occur together Conditioning Classical Conditioning-learn that one stimuli predicts another, for example that a bell predicts class change. Sometimes we flinch, as if to get up, at the lunch bell. Operant Conditioning-behavior is influenced by its consequences. Examplestudying gets you good grades. Classical Conditioning-Pavlov Pavlov did an experiment with dogs, discovering that by associating a tone with food, he could eventually condition dogs to salivate to a tone alone. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxu zI Experiment: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Neutral Stimulus (bell)-no response Unconditioned stimulus (food) Unconditioned response (drool)- natural response Conditioned stimulus (bell)- formerly neutral Conditioned response (drool) in response to CS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAu I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU poor little brother Acquisition-pairing NS and UCS (getting classically conditioned) Extinction-CS no longer elicits the CR when the CS no longer signals the uncond. stimulus Spontaneous recovery-return of CR that has been extinct for no apparent reason Generalization-respond to anything similar to the CS Ex. Fearing all dogs if a pit bull bites you Discrimination-ONLY respond to CS and nothing similar Ex. Only fearing Pit Bulls because one bit you Little Albert Experiment John B. Watson wanted to condition a baby to fear a white rat and then see if that fear was generalized to other fluffy white objects. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrP QE Operant Conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning •uncontrollable biological based response •Controllable action Ex-flinch, blink, sweat, drool. •Stimulus, then learned reaction Ex. Study to get good grades •Learned reaction, then consequence •based on stimulus (human •Based on consequences action comes second) (human action comes first) Thorndike and the Law of Effect Behavior is influenced by its consequences http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk6H7Ukp6 To Skinner Experiment Skinner experimented with different schedules of reinforcements with animals. Skinner Box- box animal placed in, usually with a bar or lever to push, resulting in reinforcement for an animal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA Shaping-reward for closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAtDw87bhc w Principles of Reinforcement Primary reinforcer-naturally rewarding Secondary reinforcer-it is rewarding because it can help one get a primary reinforcer Both Positive AND Negative Reinforcement always increases behavior Positive reinforcement-increase behavior to get a reward Ex. Do chores to get an allowance Ex. Giving candy to a child throwing a tantrum in Walmart Negative Reinforcement-increasing a behavior to STOP or AVOID something bad Ex. Clean room to AVOID lecture Ex. Click seatbelt to AVOID annoying dinging sound Punishment-decreases behavior that it follows Schedules of Reinforcement Schedule Description Continuous Reinforce every time Fixed Ratio Resulting Behavior Quickest to become extinct when the reinforcement stops Reward after a specific Frantic response that could number of tries exhaust the organism Variable Ratio Reward after random number of tries (Gambling) Hardest behavior to extinguish even after the reinforcement stops Fixed interval Reward after a specific Behavior increases only time period when it is close to reward time Variable interval Reward after a random Behavior is slower, but amount of time steady skinner box and video games Punishment A punishment is any consequence that decreases a behavior Ex. Jail time for stealing to stop a person from doing it again Presentation-should be directly after behavior to be effective Drawbacks-when punishment stops, behavior returns http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKBGVV6PDX4 Social/Observational Learning Modeling- copying a person’s behavior You must COPY a behavior not listen to instructions and carry them out. BoBo Doll experiment-done by Albert Bandura to test the effect of modeling violence on children. BoBo clip Is violence on television making children more violent? Number of murders seen on TV by the time an average child finishes elementary school:8,000 Number of violent acts seen on TV by age 18: 200,000 Count the violent acts in the following cartoon clip. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeG_LSrjI X4 E.C. Tolman believed that we all have a cognitive map of our surroundings, meaning a mental map that we create. Latent learning-learning without direct effort, such as remembering how to get to a place that you have passed by but never directly tried to get to.