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Chapter 2: Cells
Section 2-1: Cell Structure
Prokaryotic – vs. – Eukaryotic Cells:
1. Prokaryotic Cells:
• No _________ around nuclear material = visible
nucleus
• Example: bacteria found in pond scum
2. Eukaryotic Cells:
• Has a nucleus with a _________ = invisible nucleus
• Example: plant and animal cells
Animal Cells – vs. – Plant Cells:
1. Plant & Animal Cells:
a. Cell Membrane:
• Structure that forms ______
boundary of cell (like a fence)
• Made of double layer of ____ and
_________ scattered like chocolate
chips in a cookie
• Maintains _________ of materials
inside and out
• Food and oxygen move ___ and
wastes move ____
b. Nucleus:
• ________ organelle in eukaryotic cell
• ______/_________ of cell = coordinated all cell activities
• Surrounded by an envelope
• Contains genetic material known as:
_________ = ____= hereditary material
c. Cytoplasm:
• Gel like material ________ cell membrane and outside the nucleus
• ____________ moves/streams
d. Endoplasmic Reticulum:
• Appears as a ________ mass floating in the cytoplasm
• _____ materials around in the cell moving products though a factory
Example: Like a conveyer belt moving products though a factory
e. Ribosomes:
• Small _______ structures in cytoplasm
• Makes _________ (main function of cell)
• Protein is found through out the cell (outside the membrane and
embedded in the protein)
f. Golgi Bodies:
• ________ of membrane found in the cytoplasm
• Responsible for ___________, ___________ and ________
(secreting) proteins outside the cell
g. Mitochondria:
• _______ shaped organelle with squiggly line inside its center
• “power house of cell” = supplies needed energy for cell activities
…..Ex. Allows ribosomes, golgie bodies and ER to make, ________
and move ________ through and out of the cell
h. Lysosomes:
• ______ organelle (larger than a ribosome) found in cytoplasm
• Contains _______ (chemical) that breaks down worn out
organelles and cellular waste = Mr. Clean of Cell
i. Centrioles: (found only in animal cells)
• responsible for cell __________
Plant and Bacteria Cells:
A. Plant Cells
• Contain ____ ____, animal cells do not
• Contain _____________, animal cells do not
1. Cell Wall: rigid _________ that surrounds cell membrane
• _________ and ________ cell
2. Chloroplasts: involved in photosynthetic process = changing of
______ _______ ⟶ ________ ______ ⟶ _____
B. Bacteria Cell: is also known as a _______________ CELL
• does not have membranes around organelles and
nucleus = non noticeable nucleus under microscope
Section 2-2: Viewing Cells
The Microscope:
• Helps see _______ objects more clearly
Early Microscopes:
• Similar to __________ glass
Scientists responsible for Microscope Technology:
1. Zacharias Jansenn: Dutch scientist created first microscope in
1590 by combining two __________ lenses = more power
2. Anton Van Leeuwenhook : Discovered microbes in pond water
in 1600’s through the use of a tiny _____ bead for the ____
Types of Microscopes:
1. Compound Light Microscope: light passes through
___________ object and two lenses.
• Uses ______ lenses to bend light
• Contains _________ 10x = 1-3 _________ lens (43x’s or
10 x’s)
• Total magnification is the combining of the _________
and one _________ lens
Ex. (Eyepiece 10x multiplied by Object 43x = 430x)
• Can magnify an object up to 2000 times
2. Stereo Microscope:
• Gives ______ dimensional view (contains two eye pieces
and one objective)
• Used to look at thick structures (insects, leaves)
3. Electron Microscope:
• Uses ________ _____ to bend light.
• Magnifying power can reach _ ______ times
Cell Theory:
1. All _________ are made up of one or more _______
2. Cells are the _____ units of _________ and ________ in all
organisms.
3. All _____ come from cells that already _____
Contributors of the Cell Theory:
• Robert Hooke first discovered cells in _____
• Matthias Schleiden, concluded that all ______ are made of cells
• Theodor Schwann reinforced Shleiden’s theory on plants, by noticing
cells make up _______ = all living things have cells
• Rudolph Virchow challenged the theory that life came about by
chance by noticing that cells ______ = cells come from pre-existing
cells
Section 2-3: Viruses
Virus: A piece of __________ material covered by protein that infects and
____________ only inside a living cell.
Ex. Polio and AIDS.
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Viruses don’t eat and grow but can _________
Need a cell to reproduce = _____ (can’t reproduce on their own)
Virus live in _______
Injects ________ ________ into cell, cell become infected and
then makes copies of the virus (works for virus)
Viruses do not appear to be _____ or non-living
Viruses are cell specific
Usually ________
Bacteriaphage is a type of virus that infects _________
__________ in size, need powerful microscope to see
(size = 17 x 10 9 m)
Types of Viruses:
1. Latent Virus: Virus inside host cell but is not active
• Becomes active later = LATENT
2. Active Virus: Beings making ________ of itself in an host cell in a
short period of time
Classifying Viruses:
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Viruses are classified by their _____
______ gives them their shape
Also identified by types of nucleic acids they contain
Named after the _______ they cause
Draw a picture of the T4 Virus picture “D”.
Vaccines:
• No _________ medications for viruses
• Antibiotics destroy bad ________
Vaccines: made from ________ virus particles that can't cause disease anymore.
Example:
• During small pox epidemic, scientist noticed people with ____
____ were immune to small pox = creation of small pox vaccine
Helpful viruses:
• Viruses can be used to replace bad genes with good genes = virus
acts as ambulance = ex. Of gene therapy
Aids Vaccine:
From HIV to AIDS:
• AIDS first discovered in 1983
• AIDS is caused by a _____ = HIV (Human Immune deficiency
Virus)
• Aids attacks (________) immune system and takes away the
ability to fight disease
The War:
• HIV first wares down ______ system
• Once diagnosed HIV positive individual will have full blown AIDS in
10 years or more
Mutating Enemy:
• HIV has a ____ ________ rate (changes its appearance and
behavior)
• Hard to find _______ due to mutation rate
Best way to reduce the spread of AIDS:
(1) through education
(2) protected sex
(3) don’t use dirty needles
Ways to Reduce Viral Infection
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Educate yourself
Wash hands frequently
Keep hands away from your face
Cover mouth and notes when you cough or sneeze
Get vaccinated