Download Midterm Review Project

Midterm Review Project
Module 31:
Memory- learning that has persisted over time; it has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved
In order to remember something it must be:
● Encoded- perceived by the brain
● Stored- retained in the brain for a long period of time
● Retrieved- come back out of storage and into conscious thought
Parallel Processing- the ability for multiple pieces of information to be processed and
remembered by the brain at the same time
Types of Memory:
● Sensory Memory- short fleeting memories that include everything that the brain
perceives
● Short-term/Working Memory- The first place where memory is encoded, information
here is being rehearsed so it can be stored in long-term memory
● Long-term Memory- a nearly infinite space where all fully processed memories go for
later retrieval
Rehearsal- the practicing of information in short-term memory so it may be stored in long-term
memory
Module 32:
Implicit Memory- memories that cannot be recalled; they are stored in the subconscious, but still
affect behavior
Ex:
● Time of events happening
● Frequency of things throughout the day
Explicit Memory- memories formed consciously, and can be recalled
Ex:
● Facts/Information
● Witnessed events
Memories are stored in:
● Hippocampus- long-term, explicit memories
● Cerebellum- subconscious, implicit memories
● Amygdala- stores particularly emotional memories
Recall- the retrieval of previously learned information
Recognition- the identification of previously learned information
Factors that Affect Recall/Recognition:
● Priming- the activation of a particular association(s) in memory
● Serial Positioning Effect- the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list
● Mood-Congruent Memory- the tendency to recall experiences consistent with one’s
current mood
Module 33:
Two types of amnesia:
● Anterograde Amnesia- the inability to form new memories
● Retrograde amnesia- the inability to recall old memories
Memory Decay- the fading of memory
time due to a lack of use of the
skill/information
over
Memory decay occurs at the rate shown
on this chart, known as the forgetting
curve
Proactive Interference- the disruption by an old memory on the formation of new memories
Retroactive Interference- the disruption by a new memory on the recall of old memories
Repression- the defense mechanism that removes unpleasant memories from conscious thought
Motivated Forgetting- the intentional repression of a memory
Module 34:
● Cognition: Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating information
● Concepts: Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
● Prototypes: Mental images or best example of a category
● Divergent Thinking: Expands Number of possible solutions (used in creative thinking)
● Convergent Thinking: Narrows available problem solutions into the one best solution
5 Uses of Creativity
1. Expertise: Well-developed base knowledge
2. Imaginative thinking skills: Ability to see things in a novel way
3. Venturesome personality: Seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risks, and
preservers
4. Intrinsic Motivation: Driven by interest, satisfaction, and challenge, rather that external
pressures
5. Creative Environment: Supports and refines creative behavior
2 Types of Concepts:
● Natural Concepts: Imprecise mental classification that develop out of everyday
experiences
● Artificial Concepts: Defined by a set of rules and characteristics, such as a dictionary
definition or math equation
● Schema: General framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects,
people, and situations
● Script: Schemas about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in a particular
order
Module 35:
Problem Solving Techniques:
● Algorithms: Methodical, logical rule, that uses steps to guarantee an answer
● Heuristic: Simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements
● Insight: Sudden realization of probable solution
● Confirmation Bias: Tendency to search for answers that support preconceptions and
ignore new evidence
● Fixation: Inability to see a probable solution from a fresh perspective
● Intuition: Fast, automatic, unreasoned thoughts
● Representativeness Heuristics: Saying likelihood in terms of how much they match the
prototype
● Availability Heuristics: Likelihood of events based on availability in memory
● Overconfidence: Tendency to be more confident than correct
● Framing: Way an issue or question is posed and can affect bias
3 Types of Problems:
1. Introducing Structure: Requires you to determine the relationship between elements
2. Arrangement: Requires you to arrange different elements to fulfill a particular criteria
3. Transformation: Requires you to make a series of changes to fulfill a particular criteria
Module 36:
● Language: Spoken, written, or signed words used for communication
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Phonemes: Smallest, distinctive unit that in language
Morpheme: Smallest unit that carries meaning
Grammar: System of rules that enables us to communicate with other
Receptive Language: Baby’s ability to understand what is said to and about the,
Productive Language: Ability to produce words; matures after receptive language
Babbling stage: Around 4 months, babies utter sounds at first unrelated to household
language
Universal Grammar: All human languages have nouns, verbs, etc
Critical period: Time in childhood where it is easier to master parts of language
Aphasia: Impairment of language, usually by damage to frontal lobe or Broca’s (language
expression) or Wernicke’s area (language comprehension and expression)
Linguistic Determinism: Language determines the way we think