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Ch. 7 Memory
Section 1 Three Kinds of Memory
Memory- process by which we recollect prior experiences, info, and
skills learned in the past
1. Episodic Memory- memory of a specific event in
which we recall the event in great detail
“Flashbulb Memory”
2. Generic Memory- general knowledge
3. Procedural Memory- consists of the skills or
procedures you have learned
Section 2 Three Processes of Memory
1. Encoding- translation of info into a form in which it can be
stored
- through our senses
• Visual codes- remember by seeing the
picture in your mind
• Acoustic codes- say something out loud
or to yourself
-memory records it as a
sequence of sounds
• Semantic codes- represent info in terms
of its meaning
OTTFFSSENT
2. Storage- maintenance of encoded info over a period of time
• Maintenance Rehearsal- repeating it over and over
• Elaborative Rehearsal- makes info meaningful by
relating it to info already well
known
3. Retrieval- locating stored info and returning it to conscious
thought
Context- Dependent Memory- memories that come back to you in a
particular place
State-Dependent Memory- retrieve memory better when in the same
place and when in same emotional state
Tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon- cannot completely retrieve a memory
because it was not stored in an organized
manner or incompletely
Section 3 Three Stages of Memory
1. Sensory- immediate initial recoding of info that enters through
our senses and decays in one second
-Sight-visual stimuli-icons-held in your iconic memory
-snapshots, extremely brief
Not Photographic memory= eidetic imagery
- Sounds- mental traces of sounds-echoes-held in
Echoic memory
2. Short Term Memory –“working memory”
- remain there after sensory fades away
Primacy Effect- remembering the 1st thing on a list
Recency Effect- remembering the last thing on a list
Chunking- organization of items into familiar or manageable
units
Interference- new info comes into your STM and bumps
something out
3. Long Term Memory- holds more info than we can count
- things that have the greatest impact
on you
- Maintenance and Elaborative rehearsal
Schemas- mental representations that we form of the world by
organizing bits of info into knowledge
- reconstruct something based on your ideas about a
particular thing
- influence the way we perceive things
Section 4 Forgetting and Memory Improvement
Recognition- identifying objects or events that have been encountered
before
Recall- bring something to mind, more difficult
Relearning- easier remembering things you used to know
Forgetting
•Interference
•Decay
•Amnesia- rare but severe memory loss caused by injury,
shock, fatigue, illness, repression
•Dissociative amnesia- psychological trauma
•Infantile amnesia- forgetting early events
•Anterograde amnesia- cannot remember events after accident,
shock, brain surgery
•Retrograde amnesia- cannot remember events before accident,
etc.
How to improve memory:
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Drill and Practice
Relate to things you already know
Unusual associations
Construct links
Mnemonic Devices