Download Chapter 7: Memory

Chapter 7: Memory
Three Kinds of Memory
2. Three Processes of Memory
3. Three Stages of Memory
4. Forgetting and Memory Improvement
1.
Bell Work: Chapter 7 Section 1
 Get books/folders
 1st Ten Minutes
Read All of Pg. 153
2. Think of some general knowledge, experiences, and skills you hold in
your memory
1.
a)
b)
List some skills you have, something you remember learning from Grade school,
and some huge event you remember!
We will create a class list and categorize them later
Task #1
3.
a)
Write down all the T/F on pg. 154 with a space underneath each statement to
be fixed later on
Task #2: Quiet 10 Minutes
 In your Journal Write down the overall Question of Section 1
 Then apply your PQ4R skills of Previewing and asking
questions about your reading of Section 1
 Hint: There should be 5 Questions......



The 1st should be What is Memory
The 2nd should be What are the three kinds of memory
You should be able to figure out the 3 other questions as well as
answers by applying the 4 R’s (Read, Reflect, Recite, Review)
What is Memory
 Memory is the process by
which we recollect prior
experiences and
information and skills
leaned in the past
 There a 3 KINDS OF
MEMORY
 Episodic Memory
 Generic Memory
 Procedural Memory
What is episodic memory
 Episodic Memory is the
memory of a specific event.
 Event that took place in the person’s
presence, or the person experienced the
event
 Flashbulb Memory
 Recalling events in great detail
 Some episodic memories are so
intense that its as if we
photographed many of the
details
 Knowing exactly where you
were when 9/11 happen is an
example of this
What is Generic Memory?
 Generic Memory is
the general knowledge that
people remember
 Not really focused on when info was
acquired
 Examples
 Who freed the slaves?
 Who is the president
of the U.S?
 Name the capital of
Nebraska
What is Procedural Memory?
Procedural Memory consists of skills, or procedures, you have
learned
 Examples: Riding a bike, Throwing a ball, Classroom rules/procedures
Lesson Closing
Task #3
 Copy down Chart on board into columns titled
Episodic, Generic, and Procedural Memory
 Place the events listed into appropriate columns
Task #4
 Complete Thinking bout Psychology; pg. 155
Bell Work
 Get Books/Folders
 Task #1: Answer the 1st True/False
 Turn to Task #4
Go over Answers to Thinking bout Psych
Activity
 Look at these Numbers for 30 Sec.
 Try and memorize them using any means necessary
other than writing them down
OTTFFSSENT
Task #5: PQ4R Section 2
 Only Form the Questions as you will look
back to use this for review
 Question 1: What are the 3 Processes of
Memory?
 Question 2: What is encoding? What makes it
up?
 Question 3: ??
 Question 4: ??
 Leave a line under each to possibly answer them!
What are the 3 Processes of Memory?
 Encoding
 Storage
 Retrieval
 What makes up each?
What are the 3 Processes of Memory?
Visual Codes
 What is Encoding
 Translation of information into
a form it can be stored
 Changing physical stimulation
received into psychological
formats via Codes.
What are the 3 Processes of Memory?
 What is Storage?
 2nd Process of memory
 Maintenance of encoded
information over a period of
time
 Maintenance Rehearsal
 Elaborative Rehearsal
 Org. Systems
 Filing Errors
What are the 3 Processes of Memory?
 What is Retrieval?
 Locating stored information
and returning it to conscious
thought
 Context-Dependent
 State-Dependent
 Tip-o-Tongue
Lesson Closing
 Get w/ 9 o’clock partners
 Designate one partner the “Memory” and the other person
the “Information”
 Information person will have information that will need to be
given in 2 of the 3 types of codes (semantic, acoustic, visual)
 Memory will then be presented with the information a
couple of times and then have to recall them in front of the
class
1
Visual/Acoustic/Semantic Codes
 Visual
 Attempts to keep a mental picture as the memory
 Acoustic
 Repeating information many times
 Attempting to record information as a sequence of sounds
 Semantic
 Trying to figure out what the information might mean
 Attempting to represent the information in terms of its meaning?
Can you Remember the Letters from before?
2
Storage
 Maintenance Rehearsal
 Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it
 Think Practice, rehearsal, review work, etc
 Elaborative Rehearsal
 Making it meaningful by relating it to information already well known
 Using vocab. Words in sentences, L-J vocab is an example of this
 Org. Systems
 Organizing information into classes/groups as our knowledge expands
and grows
 Filing Errors
 We often mislabel when storing our information much like that of losing
things like papers, CDs, computer files (forgot where saved!)
3
Retrieval
 Context
 Memories that come back to you in that place
 Memory is b/c of the situation in which the person 1st had the
experience
 Think of Sayings/Rituals you may do in sports/activities

May only be recalled later in life by re-visitation
 State
 Memories retrieved b/c the mood in which they were originally
encoded is recreated
 Happy feelings = Happy memories : Sad = Sad
 Tip-o-tongue
 Read Tip of Tongue pg. 160; often use semantic/acoustic codes
Bell Work
 Task #6
 Thinking about Psychology (pg. 160)
 Go back and answer the 2nd T/F of Task #1 (pg.157)
 Task #7
 PQ4R Section 3:
 Question 1: What are the three stages of memory?
 Question 2: What is Sensory Memory? What makes it up?
 Question 3: ?
 Question 4: ?
Memory!!!?!?!?!?!??
Look at figure 7.1 on pg. 154; right down the words
from it on the top of your notes, do not draw them!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuvF113uty4
What are the 3 Stages of Memory?
Stages of Memory: Copy this down!
What are the 3 Stages of Memory?
 What is Sensory Memory?
 1st Stage of Memory
 Immediate, initial recording of
information through our senses
 Mental pictures we take from
visual stimuli are called Icons
What are the 3 Stages of Memory?
 What is Short Term Memory?
 Also called Working Memory
 Whenever you are thinking of
something, met a new person,
acquire new knowledge you
attempt to remember it is here
What are the 3 Stages of Memory?
 What is Long Term Memory
 3rd/Final Stage
 Taking certain steps to store it
there
 Repetition is key!!
 Maintenance and Elaborative
 Capacity of Memory
 Memory as Reconstructive
 Schemas
Lesson Closing
 Revisit Task #1
 Answer T/F #3 from pg. 161
 Task #8
 Pg.165: Read/Answer Psychology in the World Today
 HW for tomorrow (Worksheet)
 Completion Grade on everything but Ways to Improve and
Forgetting
1
Iconic/Eidetic/Echoic Memory
 Iconic Memory
 Like Snapshots, just a fraction of a second
 Eidetic Memory
 Ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time
 Think “Photographic Memory”
 Echoic Memory
 Mental traces of sounds
 Held longer, and easier to remember than visual codes
 Saying things aloud or to yourself makes them easier
2
Primacy/Recency/Chunking/Interf.
 Primacy Effect
 Tendency to recall initial items in a series of items
 Remembering the 1st things
 Recency Effect
 Tendency to recall last items in a series
 Chunking
 Organization of items into manageable or familiar unit.
 Think of OTTFFSSENT easier to remember as
 O TT FF SS ENT; here its 5 chunks before 10 letters
 Interference
 Occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and takes
place of what was already there
3
Capacity/Reconstructive/Schemas
 Capacity of Memory
 Can hold the equivalent of vast numbers of videos/films of our
lifetime of experience; more likely to remember things that make
an impact on us and are paying close attention to
 Memory as Reconstructive
 Memories are not recorded and played back just like Videos but
instead RECONSTRUCTED according to the personal and
individual ways we view the world
 Schemas
 Mental representations that we form the world by organizing bits
of information into knowledge are called schemas
Bell Work
 Turn in Movie Projects right away!!
 Task #9
 Complete Thinking about Psychology (pg. 166)
 Go over answers to Task #6
 Completion Check of HW from yesterday
Task #10
 PQ4R
 Section 4
 Question 1: What is Forgetting and Memory Improvement
 Question 2: ?
 Question 3: ?
 Question 4: ?
 Question 5: ?
 Question 6: ?
What is forgetting and Memory Imp.?
 Forgetting can occur at any of the three stages of memory
 Sensory
 Short-term
 Long-term
 Sensory can be forgotten almost immediately
 Short term could after 10-12 seconds unless you find a way
to transfer it to long term (Think Dan and phone #)
 Long term memory forgetting often occurs b/c memory is
recalled incorrectly or is mixed up w/ new information
3 Basic Tasks: Recognition, Recall, and
Relearning
 Recognition (Read 1st paragraph pg. 168)
 Identifying objects or events that have been encountered before
 What are the easiest types of tests?
 Forgetting defined as failure to recognize something encountered
 Recall
 To Bring it back in to mind, trying to reconstruct it in your mind
 Forgetting much easier, if in short term memory forgetting gradually
decreases w/time but still decreases
 Re-Learning
 Not remembering things once learned, but relearning can often be
rapid
 Think Math problems/formula’s
Different Kinds of Forgetting
 Forgetting often attributed
to interference or decay
 Decay
 Fading away of memory
 Similar to a burning out
candle
Extreme forms of Memory Loss
 Repression
 Memories that may be so painful or
unpleasant that they are forgotten to
“help” protect us from anxiety
 Amnesia
 Severe memory loss caused by brain
injury, shock, fatigue, etc.
 Infantile: Memory loss before age 3
 Anterograde: Memory loss from trauma
that prevents forming new memories
 Retrograde: Memory loss leading up to
a traumatic event:
Concussions=exmample
Improving Memory
 MEMORY CAN BE IMPROVED
 Drill and Practice: Transfer from SM
to STM to LTM
 Relate to knowledge (Elaborative)
 Form unusual Associations
 Read aloud Section
 Construct Links bt items
 Mnemonic Devices
 Systems for remembering information
 Chunking, acronyms, jingles
Lesson Closing
 Quietly read through review on pg. 174
 Believe me this will greatly help your comprehension
 As you do this be looking at Tasks (2,5,7, and 10)
 Complete Review (Due Monday in class)
 Terms/Concepts 1-10
 Critical Review 1-6
 TEST TUESDAY!! REVIEW MONDAY