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AP Psychology – Chapter 7A Memory (Persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information.) Information Processing Encoding Storage Retrieval Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Working memory Magic Number Seven (+/- 2) Parallel processing Automatic processing Space Time Frequency Well-Learned information Effortful processing Rehearsal Spacing effect Massed Practice (Cramming) Distributed Practice (over time) Serial position effect Recency Effect Primacy Effect Visual processing Acoustic encoding Sematic encoding Imagery Mnemonics Chunking Hierarchies Iconic memory Echoic memory Long-term potentiation (LTP) Aplysia CREB (protein/genes) Glutamate (neurotransmitter) Stress and memory Flashbulb memory Amnesia H.M. Implicit memory (non-declarative) cerebellum Explicit memory (declarative) Hippocampus Left damage/verbal Right damage/visual Recall (fill in the blank) Recognition (multiple choice) Relearning (repetition increases) Infantile Amnesia Retrieval Cues Priming (activating) Context Effects Déjà vu Mood congruent memory Forgetting A.J. (Jill Price) Seven Sins of Memory Failure (Schacter) (LOOK! How many are there?) Three Sins of Forgetting Absent-mindedness (less detail) Transience (decay) Blocking (retrieval failure) Three Sins of Distortion Misattribution (source) Suggestibility (misinformation) Bias (belief-colored) One Sin of Intrusion Persistence (unwanted memories) Proactive interference Retroactive interference Repression Memory Construction Misinformation effect Source amnesia Eyewitness recall People Atkinson and Shiffrin (3 stage processing model) Hermann Ebbinghaus (learning/forgetting) Elizabeth Loftus (memory) George Miller (Magic 7) Daniel Schacter Good Things to Know 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Rehearsal/practice/repetition aids in encoding, storage, and retrieval. Ebbinghaus: Relearning accelerates with repetition; forgetting is rapid at beginning but levels off. Memory is subject to decay. The more often information is accessed (overlearning), the more rapid its retrieval. Recovered memories are not always complete/accurate. Children are particularly susceptible to misinformation/created memories. Memories prior to age 3 are not reliable (infantile amnesia). Short term v. working memory.