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Research and
People
Encoding
Storage
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Retrieval Forgetting
The process of “getting information
in.”
Encoding
Effortless, without awareness,
without interfering, cannot switch on
and off at will
Automatic Encoding
The linking of new information in
short-term memory to familiar
material stored in long-term memory
Elaborative Rehearsal
Grouping information into
meaningful units for easier handling
by short-term memory.
Chunking
The most effective encoding method
for long-term retention.
Semantic
The coding capacity of the short
term register.
7 + or – 2 chunks of information OR
what you can SAY in 2 seconds or
less.
Memories for things we do not
discuss. Includes basic associations,
procedures, conditioned responses.
Implicit Memory
OR
Non-declarative Memory
Memories typically stored in the left
hippocampus. Involve facts,
language, and general knowledge.
Semantic Memories
Briefly, continuously, and rapidly
stimulating a neural network to
increase the firing potential and,
thus, forma memory.
Long-Term Potentiation
OR
LTP
Three areas of the brain responsible
for memory formation and storage.
Any three:
Cerebellum, Hippocampus,
Temporal Lobes, Association Areas
The feeling “I’ve done this before”
due to contextual priming of neural
networks from previously formed
memory.
Deja Vu
The MC questions on your test
Friday are a form of this kind of
retrieval.
Recognition
The Free Response question on your
test Friday is a form of this type of
retrieval.
Recall
This game is a form of this type of
retrieval.
Relearning
Asking leading questions, especially
of young people, causes people to
incorporate false information into
the retelling of an event.
Misinformation Effect
*
The PAST interferes with recall of
NEW information.
Proactive Interference
Jenny’s new, school locker
combination is interfering with the
recall of her old, gym locker combo.
Retroactive Interference
Impaired semantic memory due to
plaques and tangles in the
hippocampus, temporal lobe, and left
hemisphere.
Alzheimer’s
Bob fell from a ladder. When he
came to, he couldn’t remember
anything he was doing before he fell,
wondering why he was on the ladder
to begin with.
Retrograde Amnesia
The part of your short-term memory
system that plays back the sounds
you hear so that you can process the
content.
Phonological Loop
Famous researcher on
misinformation and repression.
Often works with her husband.
Loftus
Memory strategist who can
memorize thousands of numbers in
succession and gives great advice
about studying.
Rajan Mahadovan
Developed the theory for the three
systems of memory: Semantic,
Episodic, Procedural
Oliver Sacks
Researched the “forgetting curve” by
memorizing lists of nonsense
syllables.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
He cut out the pieces of the rats
brains after teaching them to run a
maze. Interestingly, they didn’t
completely “forget” everything
about the maze. Thus, showing us
that memories involve more areas
than just the hippocampus.
Karl Lashley