Download Chapter 8: Reading Guide Memory

Name: _____________________________________________________________________ Period: ______
Chapter 8: Reading Guide
Memory
Introduction & Studying Memory: Information-processing models (pp. 327-330)
1. Memory:
2. There are 3 steps of memory (according to information-processing models):
 Encoding:

Storage:

Retrieval:
4. Parallel processing:
5. What happens to the neurons in your brain every time you learn something new?
6. Forming memories is another 3 step process:
 Sensory memory:

Short-term memory:

Long-term memory:
7. Working Memory (IN short-term memory):
Encoding: Getting Information In (pp. 330-337)
1. Automatic processing:
o Examples of things you automatically process:
2. Effortful processing:
o Examples of things you encode through effortful processing:
3. Define: rehearsal
4. Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus? What did his experiments reveal about memory?
5. Why is overlearning beneficial?
1
6. What is distributed practice? What is massed practice?
7. Give an example of how you can apply the spacing effect to your study of AP Psychology.
8. Why does the serial position effect occur? Use the terms “recency” and “primacy” effects in your
answer.
9. Visual encoding:
10. Acoustic encoding:
11. Semantic encoding:
12. Explain the importance of Craik & Tulving’s research on memory.
13. Self-reference effect:
14. Rosy retrospection:
15. Mnemonic device:
16. Describe the “peg-word” memory mnemonic.
17. Define & give an example of chunking:
18. Why does divided information into hierarchies help our memory?
Storage: Retaining Information (pp. 337-345)
1. Iconic memory:
o Example:
2
2. Echoic memory:
o Example:
3. What keeps information in STM?
4. How many things can short-term memory hold?
5. Our capacity for LTM is essentially___________________________________.
6. What is the capacity for long term memory?
Storing Memories in the Brain
1. What did Kandel & Schwartz learn about memory formation while studying the sea slug, Aplysia?
2. Define: long-term potentiation
3. Why does the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) sometimes lead to memory loss?
4. List one BIOLOGICAL reason why we tend to recall more easily memories formed when we are
stressed.
5. What brain area is affected when stress is prolonged that impacts memory formation?
6. Define & give an example of a flashbulb memory:
7. Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory):
8. Explicit memory (declarative memory):
9. What part of the brain lays down new explicit memories (names or events)?
10. What kinds of memories does the cerebellum form?
11. How does the dual explicit-implicit memory system help explain infantile amnesia?
3
Retrieval: Getting information out (pp. 345-349)
1. Define: recall
2. Define: recognition
3. Define: relearning
4. What’s a retrieval cue? Give 2 examples of retrieval cues.
5. What are the best type of retrieval cues?
6. Define & give a textbook example of priming.
7. Explain how your memory system might produce the feeling of deja-vu.
8. Define & give an example of state-dependent memory.
9. Define & give an example of mood-congruent memory.
Forgetting (pp. 349-356)
1. Give an example of encoding failure.
2. What did Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve prove about how much time it takes to forget something?
3. Define & give an example of proactive interference.
4. Define & give an example of retroactive interference.
4
TIME OUT: Here’s a mnemonic to help you remember the difference between proactive & retroactive
interference: PORN (PROACTIVE OLD interferes, RETROACTIVE NEW interferes)
5. Repression:
o Famous psychologist associated with repression:
Memory Construction (pp. 356-364)
1. Define: misinformation effect
2. Define: imagination inflation
3. Define: source amnesia (also called “source misattribution”)
4. Describe Elizabeth Loftus’ research on memory.
Improving memory (pp. 364-365)
1. Suggestions to help you improve your memory while studying (just list, don’t need to describe):







5