* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Section 1.1 Name:
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
DNA sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
DNA repair protein XRCC4 wikipedia , lookup
Real-time polymerase chain reaction wikipedia , lookup
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Restriction enzyme wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Section 1.1 Name: Opening Activity: What do you biologically inherit from your parents? Latin Root Word: Review of Old Information: Recall that the DNA is the hereditary information for all living things. In this molecule is the code for all of our traits. However, one important question remains… how do we get from the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus, to the production of our phenotypes (or what we actually look like)? The answer to this lies in the proteins your cell’s produce. The bulk of what we look like and our ability to survive come from the enzymes and tissues in our bodies being made of proteins. Proteins are made in a process called “protein synthesis.” The genes directing protein production are in the _______________, and the enzymes and amino acid building blocks for protein production are in the __________________. A problem with this process is getting the information from the DNA (genes), which cannot leave the nucleus, to the cytoplasm, where the protein building blocks await. The key to solving this problem lies in a nucleic acid called _______________, which carries the genetic information from DNA into the cytosol, and then assists in producing proteins. New Information: Structure of DNA and DNA Replication. DNA Structure: DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a ___________ Helix. A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called _______________. Each nucleotide consists of: 1. 2. 3. Each base will only bond with one other specific base. _________ (A) _________ (T) _________ (C) _________ (G) Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand. To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the _____________ of _____________. The bases are arranged in triplets called _____________. AGG-CTC-AAG-TCC-TAG TCC-GAG-TTC-AGG-ATC A gene is a section of ___________ that codes for a ______________. Each unique _______________ has a unique sequence of _______________. This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique ________________. It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique physical appearance. See pages 185-187 1. DNA is made up of repeating subunits called ____________________. 2. What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide? _______________________________________. 3. What are the four nitrogen-bases found in DNA nucleotides? _____________________________. 4. The shape of DNA is the _______________ _______________. Label the molecule of DNA: P = phosphate group, S = pentose sugar, A/T/C/G Bases DNA Replication What is the purpose of DNA replication? o To make an ____________ of DNA o Occurs before _______________ o So the ________ daughter cells have the exact same DNA as the ____________ parent cell Where does DNA replication take place? In the ____________ Each strand is a _____________ (parent) for the ____________ strand (daughter) 3 Steps of DNA Replication The parent DNA __________ and unzips – weak hydrogen bonds are broken by enzyme – ______________ ________________ base pairing – free floating nucleotides in the nucleus fit into place – A to T and C to G The nucleotides (along the phosphate-sugar backbone) join up by the enzyme _________________ DNA is considered Semiconservative o each helix of DNA is made up of one parent (__________) and one daughter (__________________) Activity: See pages 185-187 The process of copying DNA in a cell is called ____________________. In the first step, the twonucleotide chains separate. The point at which the two chains separate is called the _____________ _____________, and are separated by enzymes called ____________________. In the next step, enzymes called _______________ _____________ bind to the separated chains and place the complementary nucleotides across from the original chains. When replication is completed, two exact copies of the original DNA molecule are produced and the cell is ready to undergo cell division. Typically there is an error in about 1 of every 10,000 _______________ pairs, and these errors are called ______________. However, enzymes can proofread the DNA and repair it so that the rate of error is about 1 per _______________ _______________ nucleotides.