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Chapter 10 Section 3 Notes I. DNA A. DNA- a chemical that contains information an organism needs to grow and function 1. Watson and Crick made and accurate model of DNA in 1953 2. The structure of DNA is similar to a twisted ladder. a. The sides of the ladder are made up of sugarphosphate molecules. b. The rungs of the ladder are made of nitrogen bases. 3. Before a cell divides, its DNA duplicates itself by unwinding and separating its sides, then each side becaomes a pattern on which a new side forms B. Genes- sections of DNA on a chromosome 1. contains instructions for making specific proteins 2. RNA carries the codes for making proteins to the nucleus for the ribosomes in the cytoplasm a. Messenger RNA carries the code that directs the order in which the amino acid bond. b. Ribosomal RNA makes up ribosomes where proteins are built c. Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to build the protein 3. Cells use only the genes that direct the making of proteins needed by the cell C. Mutations- any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a cell’s gene or chromosome 1. Can be caused by outside factors like X-rays, sunlight, and some chemicals 2. A can in a gene or chromosome can change the traits of an organism