Download level one science: biology

LEVEL ONE SCIENCE: BIOLOGY
•DNA and mutations
•Genetic terms
•Determining phenotypes and genotypes
•Cell replication and variation
DNA and Mutations:
I can show that I understand the role of DNA by explaining that it
contains the instructions for how an organism looks and lives and
how it enables instructions to be passed on to the next
generation.
I can use the term double helix to describe the shape of DNA.
I know the four letters used for the bases (A, T, C and G) and
which bases pair up together on opposite strands of DNA.
I can describe the structure of DNA by including the terms: sugar,
phosphate, base and nucleotide.
I can define and distinguish between DNA, chromosomes, genes
and alleles.
I can explain that the sequence of bases in a gene determines
the trait expressed by the organism.
I can use the correct biological terms: ‘genotype’ and ‘
phenotype’ to reword the point above.
I can describe the term mutation as a permanent change in the
genetic code of an organism.
© Copyright StudyTime 2015
I can show that I understand the significance of mutations by
explaining the link between a change in the genetic code and a
change in phenotype.
I can explain how a mutation can lead to a new allele by linking
genotype and phenotype.
I can discuss why mutations are only passed on if they occur in
gametes.
Genetic Terms:
I can show that I understand the importance of alleles by
explaining that an individual has two copies of every gene (one of
each chromosome from each parent) and that these genes may
be different alleles.
I can show that I understand dominant and recessive alleles by
explaining that dominant alleles always show up in an
individual whereas recessive alleles will only show up in a
homozygous recessive individual.
I can distinguish between dominant and recessive alleles by using
capital and lower-case letters (e.g. dominant allele = R and
recessive allele = r).
I can explain the difference between homozygous and
heterozygous individuals and can distinguish between them using
letters (e.g. homozygous dominant = RR, homozygous recessive
= rr and heterozygous = Rr).
Determining Phenotypes and Genotypes:
I can show that I understand that the DNA of two parents
combines to determine the offspring’s genotype and phenotype
by using a punnet square to cross a mother and father of certain
genotypes.
© Copyright StudyTime 2015
From the punnet square, I can work out the probabilities of the
offspring’s genotype and phenotype and then express these
probabilities as ratios.
I can discuss why a punnet square is not a certain method of
determining future offspring.
I can define pure breeding in terms of alleles.
I can discuss how punnet squares can help us determine pure
breeding in a heterozygous organism and devise a method to test
an organism for pure breeding.
I can interpret pedigree charts to determine phenotypes of
various individuals or the dominance of an allele.
I can discuss why pedigree charts are not a certain method of
determining dominance of alleles or the genotypes and
phenotypes of future offspring.
Cell Replication and Variation:
I can show that I understand the difference between the two
types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis, by comparing:
The purpose of each process (what each process
produces)
Where each process occurs
How many cells are produced by each process
How many chromosomes are contained in the cells
produced by each process
I can define and link the following terms: ‘gametes’, ‘fertilisation’
and ‘zygote’.
I can name the two types of human gametes and where they are
produced.
© Copyright StudyTime 2015
I can make a statement linking the terms ‘meiosis’, ‘gametes’ and
‘sexual reproduction’.
I can explain what is meant by the term variation in a group of
organisms.
I can explain why some variation is heritable and some is not.
I can discuss how meiosis and hence sexual reproduction leads
to genetic variation by describing how the following processes
‘reshuffle’ alleles:
Crossing over
Independent assortment
I can explain ‘survival of the fittest’ in terms of alleles by
explaining that some phenotypes give an organism an advantage
over other individuals of its species.
I can explain why variation within a population is important by
discussing how variation is advantageous for survival and
reproductive success in a changing environment.
I can use the above understanding to discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
© Copyright StudyTime 2015