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1. Why are children of abusive parents more likely to be aggressive? What causes this? 2. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated in studies of _____________. AP Psych DMA • DMA • Turn in FRQ # 1 & 2 • Chap. 8 • Finish Pavlov • Skinner Homework: • Chap. 8 notes due Thursday, Oct. 27th • Chap. 8 test – Thursday, Oct. 27th • FRQ #3 due Monday, Oct. 24th Today’s Agenda Pavlov didn’t use a bell Step 1 Step 2 UCS (food) UCR (salivation) NS (metronome) +UCS (food) U CR (salivation) Step 3 Repeat step 2 several times Step 4 CS (metronome) CR (salivation) Why the heck do we care? Think about how we explain the following: • Phobias • Why you dislike certain foods • How advertising works • What arouses you sexually • The source of your emotions • Why you feel anxiety before a test Extinction… • When the pairing of NS and UCS no longer happens • eventually the CR goes away. What was the: • UCS • UCR • NS • CS • CR “Pavlov” & Powder What was the: • UCS – powder • UCR - drooling • NS - “Pavlov” • CS - “Pavlov” • CR- drooling “Pavlov” & Powder B. F. Skinner Superstitious Pigeon What is the behaviorist approach to Psychology? Discuss with a neighbor… Intro Video Clip Skinner believed that EVERYTHING psychological is essentially behavioral. This belief includes both.. • public, or external • private, or internal (events such as feelings and thoughts) Radical Behaviorist What are some behaviors that you were punished for as a child? In any given situation, your behavior is likely to be followed by consequences. • Some will make behavior more likely to be repeated in the future. Reinforced. • Some will tend to make the behavior less likely to be repeated in the future. Punished. In simple terms: What does it mean when something goes “extinct”? When a behavior has been reinforced in the past • and then the reinforcement is withdrawn • the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring will slowly decrease until the behavior is effectively suppressed. And of course, extinction • You use operant conditioning and positive reinforcement to train Fido to fetch. • You can quit reinforcing Fido’s habit of begging at the table by not reinforcing him with food • thus triggering extinction of the begging behavior. People are o.k. when this applies to Fido • Skinner maintained that all human behavior is created and maintained in precisely the same way. • It is just that the exact behaviors and consequences are not always so easy to identify. • According to Skinner - just because you can’t identify the reinforcer, doesn’t mean it’s not there. But, of course, apply it Fred and people get antsy. What are some superstitions? • Skinner believed that superstition occurs when people’s behavior is accidentally reinforced once • Twice • or even several times. • Skinner called this noncontingent reinforcement • A reward that is not contingent on any particular behavior. Which brings us to superstition • Skinner boxes • You saw one in the video clip • Skinner’s operant chamber (box) was used, but with an important distinction • the food pellet chamber was rigged to drop food at 15 second intervals • regardless of what the pigeon was doing at the time. • Each pigeon was placed in the cage for a few minutes each day and left alone. • After several days of conditioning in this way, two independent observers recorded the birds’ behavior. Pigeons & superstitions • None of the behaviors were observed in the pigeons before the experiment. Note: • One bird turned counterclockwise in the cage, making 2 turns before the reinforcement. • One repeatedly thrust its head into one of the upper corners of the cage. • One developed a tossing response as if placing it head beneath an invisible bar and lifting it repeatedly. (Bobbing motion.) • Two developed a pendulum motion of the head and body. Results • Skinner increased the time interval between reinforcements for one of the head bobbing birds • which actually increased the behaviors • the pigeon’s bob became a full on food dance. • Extinction did work on all of the birds, but the one above kept the hopping dance up for over 10,000 hops. Messing with the birds • Superstitions are resistant to extinction. • Expectations stay high that the behavior might work to produce the reinforcing consequences. So what does this tell us? Please take out a piece of paper… I need a volunteer… You will get wet Was Wheeler using classical conditioning (Pavlov) or operant conditioning (Skinner)? Please identify each of these for the squirt bottle experiment. • NS, UCS, UCR, CS and CR Please answer these questions on your paper… • What is reinforcement? • What is the difference between positive & negative reinforcement? Please give examples More questions to answer on your paper… What is reinforcement? • Any event that increases the frequency of a preceding action. What is the difference between positive & negative reinforcement? • Positive – strengthens a response by presenting a (typically) pleasurable stimulus. • Food, attention, approval, money… • Negative – strengthens a response by reducing or removing an averse stimulus. • Taking an Aspirin for a headache, smoking a cigarette to calm down, hitting the snooze button… Office Clip Clip • Identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS and CR from The Office clip. On your paper, please answer Conditioning & Gaming… Clip