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Download DNA, RNA, and Proteins part 2 - Tri-City
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5/12/15 13.3 Extended Response Chapter 13 RNA and Gene Expression Chemical structures that are involved in physiological processes, such as hemoglobin in blood, insulin that regulates blood glucose levels, and enzymes that regulate body functions, are all made of proteins. Name some parts of the human body that contain Doerfler Biology I Decoding the Information in DNA proteins (Be specific and discuss their function). RNA vs. DNA Traits are determined by proteins that are built from instructions coded in DNA Not built directly from DNA… • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is involved RNA is also a nucleic acid (like DNA) Molecule made of nucleotides linked together Differs from DNA in three ways • Single strand of nucleotides • Contain the five-carbon sugar ribose • In addition to A,G, and C nitrogen bases, also includes U (uracil) • NO thymine! • Uracil is complementary to adenine Decoding Cont. Gene Expression (Protein Synthesis) Instructions for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a process called transcription Cells then use 2 different types of RNA to read the instruction and put together the amino acids that make up the protein in a process called translation Gene expression (or protein synthesis) is the entire process by which proteins are made based on the info encoded in DNA 1 5/12/15 Transfer of Information from DNA to RNA FYI – RNA polymerase – adds and links complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription (sound familiar?) Step 1 – RNA polymerase binds to the gene’s promoter – a sequence of DNA that acts as a “start” signal Step 2 – RNA polymerase unwinds and separates the strands of DNA, exposing the DNA nucleotides on each strand Step 3 – RNA polymerase adds and links complementary RNA nucleotides Follows base pairing rules for DNA, EXCEPT FOR? Continues until the “stop” sequence Transcription, cont. RNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds As RNA forms a single strand, the two strands of DNA close up by forming hydrogen bonds between them, re-forming the double helix In DNA replication, DNA is the template and it makes a new DNA. In transcription, DNA is the template, but makes RNA. Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes (why?), in the nucleus in eukaryotes The Genetic Code: ThreeNucleotide “Words” **Real Life… Death cap mushrooms are deadly if eaten… Once the poison reaches the liver cells, it binds to RNA polymerase The poison prevents liver cells from making RNA and thus, from making proteins Liver failure – and death – can result RNA’s role in Translation Different types of RNA are made during Translation takes place in the cytoplasm transcription When a cell needs a particular protein, messenger RNA (mRNA) is made Transfer RNA (tRNA) - single strands of RNA that It carries instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation RNA instructions are written as series of three- nucleotide sequences on the mRNA called codons Each codon corresponds to an amino acid or signifies a start or stop signal for translation temporarily carry a specific amino acid on end Folded into a compact shape and has an anticodon • Anticodon – three-nucleotide sequence that is complementary to mRNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – part of the structure of ribosomes Each ribosome temporarily holds one mRNA and two tRNA molecules • 64 total codons 2 5/12/15 Translation Translation, cont. Translation Translation STOP 3