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IT IS ELEMENTARY Human Existence and the Chemical Elements SC 210 May 7, 2015 John Bush CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES • Determine what humans can experience • Enable humans to achieve their purposes CLASS OUTLINE • Weeks One and Two: committing homicide -the elements as poisons – Criminal homicide – Sanctioned homicide – Accidental homicide • Week Three: keeping in touch-- using the elements • Week Four: keeping track of the elements-the periodic table USEFUL CONCEPTS • Classical elements: earth, air, fire, water • Chemical elements: un-decomposable substances-- H, O, N, C • Chemical compounds: substances formed from chemical reactions-- H2O, NH3, CH4. CO2 SOME MORE CONCEPTS • Atoms: smallest particles of elementary substances • Molecules: chemically bonded atoms • Ions: electrically charged atoms or groups of chemically bonded atoms: H+, Na+, Cl-, CO3-• Chemical bonds: – Ionic: NaCl = Na+ …. Cl– Shared electron: H2O = H-O-H AND FINALLY • Structure of an atom: nucleus and electrons • Nucleus: consists of protons and neutrons • Atomic number: number of protons in the nucleus of an atom • Atomic mass number: number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom • Isotopes: atoms with the same atomic number and a different atomic mass number HOMICIDAL POISONING • Criminal (murder) John Emsley The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison • Suicidal • State sanctioned—Judicial/Military • Accidental – Industrial – Domestic – Environmental ELEMENTS FOR CRIMINAL POISONERS ARSENIC: “THE KING OF POISONS” ELEMENTAL ARSENIC ARSENIC TRIOXIDE ARSENIC (As) Atomic number: 33, Isotope 75 Abundance: 53rd in crust (1.5 ppm) Compounds known since the early Bronze Age Element isolated by Albertus Magnus 1250 AD Current uses: strengthening alloys, electronic components, pyrotechnics, pesticides, medicines • Former uses: pigments, cosmetics, animal food additives, wood preservatives, stimulant, war gas • • • • • ARSENIC AND MURDER • Readily available, soluble in food and drink, odorless, nearly tasteless, either slow or quick acting, not readily diagnosed, until 1836 untraceable in body • “Poudre de succession” (Inheritance Powder) • Extensively used for political murders—Mithridates VI “The Poison King” • Several spectacular trials in Victorian England • Raleigh 2005 Ann Kontz • San Diego 2007 Cynthia Sommer ELEMENTS FOR CRIMINAL POISONERS ANTIMONY ELEMENTAL ANTIMONY ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE TARTAR EMETIC ANTIMONY (Sb) • Atomic number 51; Isotopes 121, 123 • Abundance : 62nd in the crust (0.2-0.5 ppm) • Compounds known in antiquity; element isolated in 1540 • Current uses: strengthen alloys, electronic components, fire retardants, medicines, antialcohol abuse, cosmetics • Former uses: pigments, laxatives, emetics ANTIMONY AND MURDER • Usually administered as a series of sub-lethal doses • Several spectacular cases in Victorian England 1840-1900 – Especially used by husbands and wives to poison their spouses – 1865 Dr. Edward Pritchard – 1876 “Murder at the Priory” Charles Bravo – 1897-1902 George Chapman ELEMENTS FOR CRIMINAL POISONERS MERCURY ELEMENTAL MERCURY MERCURIC SULFIDE (CINNABAR) PIGMENTED LACQUER MERCURY (Hg, QUICKSILVER) • Atomic Number 80 Isotopes: 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204 • Abundance: 66th in the crust (.05-.08ppm) • Element known since at least 1500 BCE • Current Uses: Mercury switches, gold and silver mining, lighting, vaccine preservatives, dental amalgams, chemical catalysts, chlorine production, cosmetics • Former uses: thermometers, barometers, blood pressure gauges, photography, wood preservatives, trunk lid lights, batteries, disinfectants, leather tanning, treatment of syphilis MERCURY AND MURDER • Drawbacks: – Metallic taste of mercuric chloride – Relatively easy chemical detection • Sir Thomas Overbury 1613 • Roland Burnham Molineux 1898 • Albany New York 1992—poisoned candy ELEMENTS FOR CRIMINAL POISONERS THALLIUM: “THE POISONERS POISON” ELEMENTAL THALLIUM THALLIUM (I) SULFATE THALLIUM (Tl) Atomic Number: 81 Isotopes: 201* 203 205 Abundance: 60th in the crust (0.5 ppm) Discovered in 1861, isolated in 1862 Current uses: Pesticide (rats, ants), medicine (stress test)*, electronics, lighting, glass • Former uses: Pesticide(US), medicine (ringworms), depilatory • • • • THALLIUM AND MURDER • Ngaio Marsh (1947) Agatha Christie (1952) • Slow acting poison with very painful symptoms • Drawbacks – Hair loss is a revealing symptom – Chemically detectable even after cremation • • • • • • 1930s Martha Löwenstein 1950s Australia’s “Thallium Craze” 1970s Graham Young “The Teacup Poisoner” Saddam Hussein dissidents 1988 George Trepal--Florida 2011 BMS chemist’s husband ELEMENTS FOR CRIMINAL POISONERS LEAD Pb (Plumbum) ELEMENTAL LEAD LEAD(II) ACETATE SUGAR OF LEAD LEAD (Pb) • • • • Atomic Number: 82 Isotopes 204,206,207,208 Abundance: 37th in the crust (10ppm) Known in antiquity—at least since 6500 BCE Current uses: batteries, weights, radiation shields, plumbing, solder, type metal, ammunition, pigments, hair dyes, glass, semiconductors… • Former uses: gasoline(US), cooking vessels, food additives, dental fillings, eye liner, facial makeup, pesticides, house paints(US), medicines LEAD AND MURDER • As a poison lead is very dangerous but as a murder weapon it is very uncertain • Examples – 1047 Pope Clement II? – 1858 Ann Taylor – 1858 James Turner – 1882 Louisa Jane Taylor ELEMENTS FOR CRIMINAL POISONERS FLUORINE ELEMENTAL FLUORINE SODIUM FLUORIDE FLUORINE F • • • • Atomic Number: 9 Isotope: 19 Abundance: 13th in the crust Isolated in 1886 Current uses: enriching uranium, refining aluminum and petroleum, making steel, toothpaste additive, metal cleaning, kitchenware, refrigerants, medicines, etching glass, drinking water additive • Former use (US): rat poison FLUORINE AND MURDER • Some advantages as a poison: – Sodium fluoride is odorless, colorless and soluble in water – Diagnosis depends on correct interpretation of symptoms – Fluoride poisoning has no specific treatment • Examples – Many accidents but murder attempts apparently are rare – 1949 Cola Leming ELEMENTS FOR CRIMINAL POISONERS POLONIUM AN EXTREMELY THIN FILM OF ELEMENTAL POLONIUM COATING A SILVER DISK POLONIUM (P o) • Atomic number 84 Isotopes 209*, 210* • Abundance: traces (10-4 ppm) found in Uranium ores • Discovered in 1898 Isolated in 1902 Currently manufactured from 210Bi in Russia • Current uses: sources of subatomic particles (nuclear weapon triggers), heaters in space probes, antistatic devices • Former use: spark plugs (!) POLONIUM AND MURDER • Advantages – Lethal dose is less than 1 Microgram – Symptoms do not appear for days • Disadvantage: Hard to handle because of its intense radioactivity • Polonium examples-no culprit arrested – 2003 X - Yuri Shchekochikin – 2004 X -Yassar Arafat? – 2004 X -Roman Tsepov? – 2006 Andrey Lugovoy?-Alexander Litvinenko • Other other radioisotopes in suspected murders : Plutonium Cesium 137 ELEMENTS FOR CRIMINAL POISONERS POTASSIUM ELEMENTAL POTASSIUM POTASSIUM CHLORIDE POTASSIUM (K) • • • • Atomic number 19 Isotopes 39, 40*, 41 Abundance 7th in the crust 2.6% (26000 ppm) Discovered /isolated 1807 Current Uses (potassium salts): an essential nutrient, fertilizer, soap, glass...millions of tons of potassium salts are produced annually POTASSIUM AND MURDER • High concentrations of potassium chloride in blood cause sudden cardiac death • Only effective by injection— extremely painful • Hospitals: 1993-1995 Orville Lynn Majors • Nursing homes: 1995 Susan Hey • Assisted suicides: Jack Kevorkian IT IS ELEMENTARY Human Existence and the Chemical Elements SC 210 May 14, 2015 John Bush HOMICIDAL POISONING • • • • Criminal (murder) Suicidal State sanctioned—Judicial/Military Accidental – Industrial – Domestic – Environmental ELEMENTS FOR SUICIDES AND JUDICIAL POISONERS THE COMMON ELEMENTS OF LIFE • The elements that form all poisons of plant and animal origin • These elements or their very simple compounds can kill—most commonly by interfering with cellular access to oxygen • Nitrogen N2 • Carbon dioxide CO2 • Carbon monoxide CO • Hydrogen cyanide HCN HOMICIDAL POISONING • • • • Criminal (murder) Suicidal State sanctioned—Judicial/Military Accidental – Industrial – Domestic – Environmental THE ELEMENTS OF MILITARY POISONS HISTORY OF MILITARY USE OF POISONS • Pre 20th century almost all military poisons were of plant or animal origin—Sulfur was the exception • 1914-1918 A “golden age” for the military use of chemicals—the first weapons of mass destruction • Since the 1930s Chemical weapons have been used against defenseless peoples in colonial or civil wars • 1940-2015 More powerful weapons have been created and produced but never used in major wars SULFUR SULFUR (S) • • • • Atomic number 16 Isotopes 32,33,34, 36 Abundance 17th in crust (420 ppm) Known since antiquity Current Uses: sulfuric acid, wall board, fungicide, essential nutrient, wine preservative, fumigant (sulfur dioxide), chemical weapons PHOSPHORUS RED PHOSPHORUS WHITE PHOSPHORUS PHOSPHORUS (P) Atomic number 15 Isotope 31 Isolated 1669 Recognized as elemental 1777 Abundance 11th in the crust (1300 ppm) Current Uses: military weapons, fertilizers (an essential nutrient), baking powder, pesticides, electronics, safety matches • Former uses: detergents(US), strike-anywhere matches • • • • THE ELEMENTS OF MILITARY POISONS CHLORINE CHLORINE GAS CHLORINE LIQUID CHLORINE (Cl) • • • • Atomic Number 17 Isotopes 35 37 Abundance 21st in crust (126 ppm) Discovered 1774 Recognized element 1808 Current uses: Sodium chloride essential for life; compounds in wide commercial use: bleaches, disinfectants, solvents, plastics, pesticides, chemical weapons—both the element and its compounds ARSENIC (As) Atomic number: 33, Isotope 75 Abundance: 53rd in crust (1.5 ppm) Compounds known since the early Bronze Age Element isolated by Albertus Magnus 1250 AD Current uses: strengthening alloys, electronic components, pyrotechnics, pesticides, animal food additives, medicines, • Former uses: pigments, cosmetics, wood preservatives, stimulant, war gas (lewisite) • • • • • THE ELEMENTS OF MILITARY POISONS BROMINE ELEMENTAL BROMINE SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE (Br) Atomic number 35 isotopes 79 81 Abundance 59th in crust (0.37 ppm) Discovered 1825 Current uses: flame retardants, well drilling fluids • Former uses: sedatives, daguerreotype photography, gasoline additive, pesticides, Tear gas • • • • SOME WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION • • • • • • Chlorine (Cl)- Ypres 1915 Phosgene (Cl)– Wieltje 1915 Mustard(S,Cl)- Ypres 1917 Adamsite (As, Cl)- Russia 1919 Lewisite (As, Cl) – the war ended “too soon” Nerve gases (P, O, N, C, S, F)- Yemen, Iraq, Syria CHLORINE AND WAR PERIODIC TABLE OF VIDEOS 5:17 minutes HOMICIDAL POISONING • • • • Criminal (murder) Suicidal State sanctioned—Judicial/Military Accidental – Industrial – Domestic – Environmental PARACELSUS “All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison” (1538) POISONOUS ELEMENTS FLUORINE ELEMENTAL FLUORINE SODIUM FLUORIDE LEAD Pb (Plumbum) ELEMENTAL LEAD LEAD(II) ACETATE SUGAR OF LEAD PERIODIC TABLE OF VIDEOS-LEAD • 2:13 MERCURY ELEMENTAL MERCURY MERCURIC SULFIDE (CINNABAR) PIGMENTED LACQUER PERIODIC TABLE OF VIDEOS MERCURY • 5:13 min