Health effects of water fluoridation
... teeth that are prone to fracture and wear. Dental fluorosis reflects overall fluoride absorption from all sources at a young age, and is a known effect of drinking water containing naturally very high concentrations of fluoride. The amount of fluoride added to water in CWF programmes is set to minim ...
... teeth that are prone to fracture and wear. Dental fluorosis reflects overall fluoride absorption from all sources at a young age, and is a known effect of drinking water containing naturally very high concentrations of fluoride. The amount of fluoride added to water in CWF programmes is set to minim ...
Modern inorganic chemistry
... METALS AND NON-METALS We now know of the existence of over one hundred elements. A century ago, more than sixty of these were already known, and naturally attempts were made to relate the properties of all these elements in some way. One obvious method was to classify them as metals and non-metals; ...
... METALS AND NON-METALS We now know of the existence of over one hundred elements. A century ago, more than sixty of these were already known, and naturally attempts were made to relate the properties of all these elements in some way. One obvious method was to classify them as metals and non-metals; ...
2012 Fluoride Therapy Guide
... WARNINGS: Prolonged daily ingestion may result in various degrees of dental fluorosis in pediatric patients under age 6 years, especially if the water use this product longer than 4 weeks unless recommended by a dentist or physician. fluoridation exceeds 0.6 ppm, since younger pediatric patients fre ...
... WARNINGS: Prolonged daily ingestion may result in various degrees of dental fluorosis in pediatric patients under age 6 years, especially if the water use this product longer than 4 weeks unless recommended by a dentist or physician. fluoridation exceeds 0.6 ppm, since younger pediatric patients fre ...
FREE BONUS offer! - Colgate Professional
... weight. In a second study, no carcinogenesis was observed in rats, males or females, treated with fluoride up to 11.3 mg/kg of body weight. Epidemiological data provide no credible evidence for an association between fluoride, either naturally occurring or added to drinking water, and risk of human ...
... weight. In a second study, no carcinogenesis was observed in rats, males or females, treated with fluoride up to 11.3 mg/kg of body weight. Epidemiological data provide no credible evidence for an association between fluoride, either naturally occurring or added to drinking water, and risk of human ...
enjoy chemistry
... Ans:Halogens are coloured. This is due to absorption of radiations in visible region which results in the excitation of outer electrons to higher energy level. By absorbing different quanta of radiation, they display different colours. For example, F2, has yellow, Cl2 , greenish yellow, Br2, red and ...
... Ans:Halogens are coloured. This is due to absorption of radiations in visible region which results in the excitation of outer electrons to higher energy level. By absorbing different quanta of radiation, they display different colours. For example, F2, has yellow, Cl2 , greenish yellow, Br2, red and ...
Chapter 22 - 2012 Book Archive
... Group 13 is the first group to span the dividing line between metals and nonmetals, so its chemistry is more diverse than that of groups 1 and 2, which include only metallic elements. Except for the lightest element (boron), the group 13 elements are all relatively electropositive; that is, they ten ...
... Group 13 is the first group to span the dividing line between metals and nonmetals, so its chemistry is more diverse than that of groups 1 and 2, which include only metallic elements. Except for the lightest element (boron), the group 13 elements are all relatively electropositive; that is, they ten ...
Questions
... III The acidic solution in the beaker was filtered into a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. A small amount of solid impurity remained in the filter paper. The solution in the volumetric flask was carefully made up to 250 cm3 with distilled water. IV A pipette was used to transfer 25.0 cm3 portions of the ac ...
... III The acidic solution in the beaker was filtered into a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. A small amount of solid impurity remained in the filter paper. The solution in the volumetric flask was carefully made up to 250 cm3 with distilled water. IV A pipette was used to transfer 25.0 cm3 portions of the ac ...
Chemistry of CHLORINE
... (iv) Which is a move stable ion Cl- or Br - explain? -Cl- ion. -Has a more negative/exothermic electron affinity than Br(v) Differentiate between electron affinity and: I. Ionization energy. Ionization energy is the energy required to lose /donate an electron in an atom of an element in its gaseous ...
... (iv) Which is a move stable ion Cl- or Br - explain? -Cl- ion. -Has a more negative/exothermic electron affinity than Br(v) Differentiate between electron affinity and: I. Ionization energy. Ionization energy is the energy required to lose /donate an electron in an atom of an element in its gaseous ...
CHEMISTRY OF p-ELEMENTS - Львівський національний
... Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist, was the first who isolated aluminum in 1825, using a chemical process involving potassium amalgam. Between 1827 and 1845, Friedrich Wohler, a German chemist, improved Oersted's process by using metallic potassium. He was the first to measure the specific gr ...
... Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist, was the first who isolated aluminum in 1825, using a chemical process involving potassium amalgam. Between 1827 and 1845, Friedrich Wohler, a German chemist, improved Oersted's process by using metallic potassium. He was the first to measure the specific gr ...
PreviDent 5000 - Colgate Professional
... treated with 2.5 and 4.1 mg/kg of body weight. In a second study, no carcinogenesis was observed in rats, males or females, treated with fluoride up to 11.3 mg/kg of body weight. Epidemiological data provide no credible evidence for an association between fluoride, either naturally occurring or adde ...
... treated with 2.5 and 4.1 mg/kg of body weight. In a second study, no carcinogenesis was observed in rats, males or females, treated with fluoride up to 11.3 mg/kg of body weight. Epidemiological data provide no credible evidence for an association between fluoride, either naturally occurring or adde ...
Fluorinated Butatrienes - diss.fu-berlin.de
... stellt sich heraus, dass das Kumulen-Isomer nicht mehr das stabilste Isomer ist. ...
... stellt sich heraus, dass das Kumulen-Isomer nicht mehr das stabilste Isomer ist. ...
TOPIC 12. THE ELEMENTS
... In 1869 Mendeleev proposed a classification of the then known 65 elements which placed priority on allocating elements to each family on the basis of similar properties with special emphasis on valence rather than atomic weight alone. He left blanks in families where discrepancies would otherwise ap ...
... In 1869 Mendeleev proposed a classification of the then known 65 elements which placed priority on allocating elements to each family on the basis of similar properties with special emphasis on valence rather than atomic weight alone. He left blanks in families where discrepancies would otherwise ap ...
Thermodynamics Practice Problems Presentation
... 1 mol each of H–H and F–F bonds are broken The bonds formed are 2 mol of H–F bonds ∆H= (nH-HDH-H + nF-FDF-F) – nH-FDH-F (1 mol x 432KJ) + (1 mol x 154 KJ) - (2 mol x 565 KJ mol mol mol ∆H = -544 KJ The enthalpy change for the reaction of 1 mol hydrogen gas and 1 mol fluorine gas to ptoduce 2 mol. Hy ...
... 1 mol each of H–H and F–F bonds are broken The bonds formed are 2 mol of H–F bonds ∆H= (nH-HDH-H + nF-FDF-F) – nH-FDH-F (1 mol x 432KJ) + (1 mol x 154 KJ) - (2 mol x 565 KJ mol mol mol ∆H = -544 KJ The enthalpy change for the reaction of 1 mol hydrogen gas and 1 mol fluorine gas to ptoduce 2 mol. Hy ...
Algal and cyanobacterial responses to fluoride
... Fluoride toxicity appears to be a pH-related phenomenon. The synergistic effect of fluoride and low pH in reducing algal growth has been reported earlier by Nichol et al17 for Synechococcus leopoliensis and Oscillatoria limnetica and on higher plants by Horner and Bell. 18 The observed dependence of ...
... Fluoride toxicity appears to be a pH-related phenomenon. The synergistic effect of fluoride and low pH in reducing algal growth has been reported earlier by Nichol et al17 for Synechococcus leopoliensis and Oscillatoria limnetica and on higher plants by Horner and Bell. 18 The observed dependence of ...
Ch. 20 - Chemical Bonds - Study Guide
... ____ 41. The ____ tells you how many electrons an atom must gain, lose, or share to become stable. a. ionic number c. oxidation number b. atomic number d. atomic mass ____ 42. Compounds that are hydrates contain what ingredient? a. water c. chlorine b. hydrogen chloride d. nitrogen ____ 43. What is ...
... ____ 41. The ____ tells you how many electrons an atom must gain, lose, or share to become stable. a. ionic number c. oxidation number b. atomic number d. atomic mass ____ 42. Compounds that are hydrates contain what ingredient? a. water c. chlorine b. hydrogen chloride d. nitrogen ____ 43. What is ...
FDG - ZAG Zyklotron AG
... • 18O enrichment typically >95% • Target volume ranging from 0.5 mL to 2.5 mL • Proton beam of 8-19 MeV • Beam currents of 20-80 µA • The total amount of [18F]fluoride which can be produced is dependent on the energy, beam current and the irradiation time. Other factors influencing total yield will ...
... • 18O enrichment typically >95% • Target volume ranging from 0.5 mL to 2.5 mL • Proton beam of 8-19 MeV • Beam currents of 20-80 µA • The total amount of [18F]fluoride which can be produced is dependent on the energy, beam current and the irradiation time. Other factors influencing total yield will ...
FDG Synthesis
... • 18O enrichment typically >95% • Target volume ranging from 0.5 mL to 2.5 mL • Proton beam of 8-19 MeV • Beam currents of 20-80 µA • The total amount of [18F]fluoride which can be produced is dependent on the energy, beam current and the irradiation time. Other factors influencing total yield will ...
... • 18O enrichment typically >95% • Target volume ranging from 0.5 mL to 2.5 mL • Proton beam of 8-19 MeV • Beam currents of 20-80 µA • The total amount of [18F]fluoride which can be produced is dependent on the energy, beam current and the irradiation time. Other factors influencing total yield will ...
Ch. 24
... and chlorine is greater than that between chlorine and bromine. Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 ...
... and chlorine is greater than that between chlorine and bromine. Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 ...
Chemical Compounds
... The symbols in the periodic table are just abbreviations for the names of the different elements. It is easier to write “C” than “carbon”. ...
... The symbols in the periodic table are just abbreviations for the names of the different elements. It is easier to write “C” than “carbon”. ...
Lesneski and Szlanta
... Mission Viejo, CA 92692 Fluoride, a highly electronegative ion, is a common additive in water supplies due to its ability to prevent tooth decay through enamel and dentin strengthening. However, in high concentrations it may interfere with thyroid function, causing the thyroid to produce lowered amo ...
... Mission Viejo, CA 92692 Fluoride, a highly electronegative ion, is a common additive in water supplies due to its ability to prevent tooth decay through enamel and dentin strengthening. However, in high concentrations it may interfere with thyroid function, causing the thyroid to produce lowered amo ...
402 Blaylock 89-92.fm
... fluoride and aluminofluoride complexes.11 Activation of PKC is essential to excitotoxicity, and blocking this enzyme blocks excitotoxicity. Likewise, PKC plays a major role in microglial activation. Fluoride activation of PKC moves it from the cytosol to the membrane, and in turn activates MAPK (mit ...
... fluoride and aluminofluoride complexes.11 Activation of PKC is essential to excitotoxicity, and blocking this enzyme blocks excitotoxicity. Likewise, PKC plays a major role in microglial activation. Fluoride activation of PKC moves it from the cytosol to the membrane, and in turn activates MAPK (mit ...
Atomic Polar Tensor Transferabllity and Atomic Charges kr the
... in ref 1. (RtY)represents the center of charge of the h brid orbital (pv),where p and v indicate orbitals of atom A, and R,,YB represents the bonding center of charge since p and v belong to different atoms, A and B, whether chemically bonded or not. These contributions in expression 1 are known, re ...
... in ref 1. (RtY)represents the center of charge of the h brid orbital (pv),where p and v indicate orbitals of atom A, and R,,YB represents the bonding center of charge since p and v belong to different atoms, A and B, whether chemically bonded or not. These contributions in expression 1 are known, re ...
chm 205 - National Open University of Nigeria
... pm. Here you may note that SiC also has the same structure but the alternate atom in it is Si in place of carbon. In diamond, the strong covalent bonds formed within the giant macromolecule result in a structure which is without any mobile electrons and thus it behaves as an insulator. The rigid, th ...
... pm. Here you may note that SiC also has the same structure but the alternate atom in it is Si in place of carbon. In diamond, the strong covalent bonds formed within the giant macromolecule result in a structure which is without any mobile electrons and thus it behaves as an insulator. The rigid, th ...
Descriptive Chemistry of Elements p
... In 1985, a team of scientists discovered the third allotropic form of carbon called Buckminster fullerene (C60). There are other forms of carbon such as coke, charcoal and lamp black which are referred to as amorphous carbon. Coke is the residue left in the conversion of coal to coal gas. Charcoal i ...
... In 1985, a team of scientists discovered the third allotropic form of carbon called Buckminster fullerene (C60). There are other forms of carbon such as coke, charcoal and lamp black which are referred to as amorphous carbon. Coke is the residue left in the conversion of coal to coal gas. Charcoal i ...
Atomic Structure
... Explain why fluorine and chlorine are in the same group of the periodic table. Give the electronic structures of fluorine and chlorine in your explanation. ...
... Explain why fluorine and chlorine are in the same group of the periodic table. Give the electronic structures of fluorine and chlorine in your explanation. ...
Fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.Among the elements, fluorine ranks 24th in universal abundance and 13th in terrestrial abundance. Fluorite, the primary mineral source of fluorine, was first described in 1529; as it was added to metal ores to lower their melting points for smelting, the Latin verb fluo meaning ""flow"" became associated with it. Proposed as an element in 1810, fluorine proved difficult and dangerous to separate from its compounds, and several early experimenters died or sustained injuries from their attempts. Only in 1886 did French chemist Henri Moissan isolate elemental fluorine using low-temperature electrolysis, a process still employed for modern production. Industrial synthesis of fluorine gas for uranium enrichment, its largest application, began during the Manhattan Project in World War II.Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications of the element involve the use of its compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. The rest is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite which plays a key role in aluminium refining. Organic fluorides have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, the last as PTFE (Teflon). Pharmaceuticals such as atorvastatin and fluoxetine also contain fluorine, and the fluoride ion inhibits dental cavities, and so finds use in toothpaste and water fluoridation. Global fluorochemical sales amount to over US$15 billion a year.Fluorocarbon gases are generally greenhouse gases with global-warming potentials 100 to 20,000 times that of carbon dioxide. Organofluorine compounds persist in the environment due to the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond. Fluorine has no known metabolic role in mammals; a few plants synthesize organofluorine poisons which deter herbivores.