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Chapter 15 Review Questions 1. List the 4 types of life molecules we discussed in class and give characteristics of each. 2. List 3 types of carbohydrates, 4 types of fats, and 2 types of nucleic acids. 3. Draw a simple nucleotide, label each part and list at least 2 characteristics of each part. 4. Describe the steps of DNA replication. 5. Describe the process of protein synthesis. 6. Take the DNA strand below and write the amino acid chain it would encode. a. TACCGTAAAAGTCCTGCATACACT 7. Using the above amino acid chain, describe how a finished protein is folded. 8. List 3 differences between DNA and RNA. 9. What is the difference between starch and cellulose? 10. Describe what an enzyme is, what it does, how it works and an example of an enzyme we discussed in class. 11. Name and describe 2 ways in which scientists can use DNA. Key 1. 4 life molecules: a. Carbohydrates: made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen; sugars are monosaccharides and have names that end in –ose; starches are polysaccharides, plant starch (amylose) is stored in large granules and animal starch (glycogen) is stored in small granules; cellulose is a polysaccharide, but with different linkages than starch b. Fats: insoluble in water, classified by degree of saturation, most less dense than water c. Proteins: made of amino acids, can be folded into many shapes, contain amine groups d. Nucleic acids: polymers made of phosphate group, sugar and amine base monomers (nucleotides); DNA has deoxyribose (one less oxygen) and RNA has ribose 2. Types: a. Carbohydrates: sugars (monosaccharides), starches (polysaccharides), cellulose (polysaccharide) b. Fats: fatty acids, steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones), waxes, fat-soluble vitamins c. Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA 3. P S B P = Phosphate group; polyatomic ion, formula = PO43-; bonds to the sugar, part of the backbone S = sugar; in DNA = deoxyribose (one less oxygen on the #2 carbon in the ring), in RNA = ribose; 5-carbon pentose; bonds to phosphate to make up the backbone, and bonds to base B = amine base; contains several amine groups (--NH2); could be purine (adenine, guanine, contain 2 heterocyclic rings), or pyrimidine (cytosine, thymine, contain 1 heterocyclic ring); purines must bond with pyrimidines in order to keep the DNA a uniform width and to orient the bases correctly for bonding; bases bond together by hydrogen bonding (2 bonds between A and T, 3 bonds between C and G) 4. See the steps as covered in class on the notes 5. See the steps as covered in class on the notes 6. Met – Ala – Phe – Ser – Gly – Arg – Met (stop) 7. Proteins are folded according to 4 levels of organization. The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid chain, bonded together with peptide bonds (amide linkages). The secondary structure of a protein begins to shape the amino acid chain using hydrogen bonding, forming alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet structures. The tertiary structure of a protein gives it 3 dimensions. The amino acid chain is folded using salt bridges (ionic bonds involving a negatively-charged part and a positively charged one), disulfide linkages (covalent bonds involving 2 sulfurs), and dispersion forces (temporary bonds between non-polar side-chains). The quaternary structure of a protein takes multiple tertiary structures and bonds them together (i.e. several amino acid chains, folded in tertiary shapes). All this is accomplished with the help of enzymes. 8. RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose (one less oxygen on the sugar); DNA stays in the nucleus, RNA travels back and forth between the nucleus and the cytoplasm; DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded; DNA is helical, RNA is straight or folded in some other shape 9. They are both carbohydrates, but cellulose has different linkages between the monosaccharides which yields the cellulose indigestible by humans 10. An enzyme is a special type of protein. It catalyzes (speeds up) reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to take place. It accomplishes this by bringing the reactants into precise orientation and close proximity. Enzymes are very specific to the job they do. Examples: lactase, helicase, DNA polymerase, amylase 11. DNA is used in paternity testing, DNA fingerprinting (crime scenes), and recombinant genetics (genetically modified crops, animals, drug production)