Download 1st Semester Final Exam "Cliff Notes" Review Sheet (Units 1-7)

STUDY GUIDE: UNIT I – HISTORY and APPROACHES
Terms & Concepts
1. empiricism
2. structuralism
3. functionalism
4. experimental psychology
5. behaviorism
6. humanistic psychology
7. cognitive neuroscience
8. psychology
9. nature-nurture issue
10. natural selection
11. levels of analysis
12. biopsychosocial approach
13. behavioral psychology
14. biological psychology
15. cognitive psychology
16. evolutionary psychology
17. psychodynamic psychology
18. social-cultural psychology
19. psychometrics
20. basic research
21. developmental psychology
22. educational psychology
23. personality psychology
24. social psychology
25. applied research
26. industrial-organizational psychology
27. human factors psychology
28. counseling psychology
29. clinical psychology
30. psychiatry
31. positive psychology
32. community psychology
33. testing effect
34. SQ3R
Module 1
1-1 Prescientific Psychology
Ancient philosophers & enlightenment philosophers
Empiricism
1-2 Psychological Science is Born
Who was Wilhelm Wundt and what type of experimental studies did he conduct?
Who was G. Stanley Hall?
What is structuralism? Who introduced it?
What is introspection?
Who wrote the first psychology textbook? When?
Who was the first female president of the APA? (What is the APA?)
Who was the first female to earn a psychology PhD?
1-3 Psychological Science Develops
Who was Sigmund Freud? Which psychological perspective is he associated with?
Who were Watson and Skinner? Which psychological perspective are they associated with?
Who were Maslow and Rogers? Which psychological perspective are they associated with?
Module 2
2-1 Psychology’s Biggest Question
What is psychology’s biggest question?
Who was Charles Darwin? What does he have to do with psychology?
2-2 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
What are psychology’s 3 main levels of analysis? Be able to apply each to real-world scenarios.
What is the humanist perspective? How does this perspective explain human thought and behavior? Be able to apply this perspective to realworld scenarios.
What is the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective? How does this perspective explain human thought and behavior? Be able to apply this
perspective to real-world scenarios.
What is the biological/neuroscience perspective? How does this perspective explain human thought and behavior? Be able to apply this
perspective to real-world scenarios.
What is the evolutionary perspective? How does this perspective explain human thought and behavior? Be able to apply this perspective to
real-world scenarios.
What is the behavioral perspective? How does this perspective explain human thought and behavior? Be able to apply this perspective to realworld scenarios.
What is the cognitive perspective? How does this perspective explain human thought and behavior? Be able to apply this perspective to realworld scenarios.
What is the social-cultural/sociocultural perspective? How does this perspective explain human thought and behavior? Be able to apply this
perspective to real-world scenarios.
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
2-3 Psychology’s Main Subfields and Module 3
What is psychometrics?
What are the subfields of research psychology?
What does a biological psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What does a developmental psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What does an educational psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What does a personality psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What does a social psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What are the subfields of applied psychology?
What does an industrial/organizational psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What does a human factors psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What does a clinical psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What does a counseling psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What is a psychiatrist? How does this profession differ from psychology?
What does a community psychologist do? Be able to apply this field to real-world scenarios.
What is positive psychology?
What is the SQ3R method?
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT II – RESEARCH METHODS
Terms & Concepts
35. hindsight bias
36. critical thinking
37. theory
38. hypothesis
39. operational definition
40. replication
41. case study
42. naturalistic observation
43. survey
44. sampling bias
45. population
46. random sample
47. correlation
48. correlation coefficient
49. scatterplot
50. illusory correlation
51. experiment
52. experimental group
53. control group
54. random assignment
55. double-blind procedure
56. placebo effect
57. independent variable
58. confounding variable
59. dependent variable
60. validity
61. descriptive statistics
62. histogram
63. mode
64. mean
65. median
66. skewed distribution
67. range
68. standard deviation
69. normal curve
70. inferential statistics
71. statistical significance
72. culture
73. informed consent
74. debriefing
53. control group
54. random assignment
55. double-blind procedure
56. placebo effect
57. independent variable
58. confounding variable
59. dependent variable
60. validity
68. standard deviation
69. normal curve
70. inferential statistics
71. statistical significance
72. culture
73. informed consent
74. debriefing
Module 4
4-1 Science-based answers vs. intuition and common sense
Why aren’t intuition and common sense enough to provide information about people’s thoughts and behaviors?
What are hindsight and overconfidence?
4-2 Scientific attitude and critical thinking
What are 3 main components of the scientific attitude?
Who is James Randi?
What is critical thinking?
Module 5
5-1 Science-based answers vs. intuition and common sense
How do theories advance psychological science?
What is the scientific method? Why do psychologists use it?
What are operational definitions? What role do they play in psychological experimentation?
What is replication? Why is it important in psychological research?
5-2 How do psychologists observe and describe behavior?
What are the three descriptive methods used by psychologists? Be able to define and provide examples of each.
How can wording affect survey results?
What is a random sample? Why is it important in psychological research?
Module 6
6-1 What are positive and negative correlations, and why do they enable prediction but not cause-effect explanation?
What is a scatterplot? Why is it important in psychological research?
Understand and know the difference between a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no
correlation.
Can correlation determine causation?
6-2 What are illusory correlations?
Why do people often perceive order in random events?
6-3 How do experiments, powered by random assignment, clarify cause and effect?
What role do experiments play in psychological research?
What are double-blind procedures and random assignment? Why is they important in psychological research?
Understand the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable, and be able to identify
each in a given example.
Module 7
7-1 How can we describe data with measures of central tendency and variation?
What are the three measures of central tendency?
What are the two measures of variation?
What is a normal curve?
7-2 What principles can guide our making generalizations from samples and deciding whether differences are significant?
Module 8
8-1 Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life?
8-2 Does behavior depend on one’s culture and gender?
8-3 Why do psychologists study animals, and is it ethical to experiment on animals?
8-4 Is it ethical to experiment on people?
What was the Stanford Prison Experiment? Why was it unethical?
What are the APA’s guidelines for ethical research?
8-5 Is psychology free of value judgments?
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT III – BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR
Terms & Concepts
75. biological psychology
76. neuron
77. dendrites
78. axon
79. myelin sheath
80. action potential
81. refractory period
82. threshold
83. all-or-none response
84. synapse
85. neurotransmitters
86. reuptake
87. endorphins
88. agonist
89. antagonist
90. nervous system
91. central nervous system (CNS)
92. peripheral nervous system (PNS)
93. nerves
94. sensory (afferent) neurons
95. motor (efferent) neurons
96. interneurons
97. somatic nervous system
98. autonomic nervous system
99. sympathetic nervous system
100. parasympathetic nervous system
101. reflex
102. endocrine system
103. hormones
104. adrenal
105. pituitary gland
106. lesion
107. electroencephalogram (EEG)
108. CT (computed tomography) scan
109. PET (positron emission tomography) scan
110. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
111. fMRI (functional MRI)
112. brainstem
113. medulla
114. thalamus
115. reticular formation
116. cerebellum
117. limbic system
118. amygdala
119. hypothalamus
120. cerebral cortex
121. glial cells (glia)
122. frontal lobe
123. parietal lobes
124. occipital lobes
125. temporal lobes
126. motor cortex
127. somatosensory cortex
128. association areas
129. plasticity
130. neurogenesis
131. corpus callosum
132. split brain
133. consciousness
134. cognitive neuroscience
135. dual processing
136. behavior genetics
137. environment
138. chromosomes
139. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
140. genes
141. genome
142. identical twins (monozygotic twins)
143. fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)
144. molecular genetics
145. heritability
146. interaction
147. epigenetics
148. evolutionary psychology
149. natural selection
150. mutation
Module 9
9-1: What is biological psychology & what do biological psychologists study?
9-2: What are neurons, and how do they transmit information?
Parts of neuron
Action potential
9-3: How do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells?
What is a synapse?
What is reuptake?
How is a flushing toilet like a neuron firing?
9-4: How do neurotransmitters influence behavior, and how do drugs and other chemicals effect neurotransmitters?
What is an agonist and an antagonist?
Module 10
10-1: What are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions?
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System & its divisions
10-2: How does the endocrine system transmit its messages?
Hormones
Pituitary Gland
Module 11
11-1: How do neuroscientists study the brain’s connections to behavior and mind?
EEG, CT, PET, MRI, fMRI
11-2: What are the functions of important lower-level brain structures?
Brainstem & its parts
Cerebellum
11-3: What are the limbic system’s structures and functions?
Amygdala, hypothalamus
Module 12
12-1: What are the functions served by the various cerebral cortex regions?
Brain parts & regions
Motor cortex & sensory cortex
Phineas Gage & association areas
12-2: To what extent can a damaged brain reorganize itself?
Brain plasticity
neurogenesis
Module 13
13-1: What do split brains reveal about functions of our two brain hemispheres?
Corpus callosum & split brains
Right-left differences in the intact brain
13-2: The biology of Consciousness
Cognitive neuroscience
Dual processing
Module 14
14-1: What are genes and how do behavior genetics explain our individual differences?
Behavior Genetics
DNA, genes, genomes
Twin & adoption studies
14-2: Molecular genetics
14-3: What is hereditability and how does it relate to individuals and groups?
Nature & nurture
14-3: What is the promise of molecular genetics research?
14-4: How do heredity & environment work together?
Interaction
epigenetics
Module 15
15-1: How do evolutionary psychologists use natural selection to explain behavior tendencies?
Natural selection & adaptation
15-2: How might an evolutionary psychologist explain gender differences in sexuality and mating preferences?
Natural selection & mating preferences
15-3: Biopsychosocial approach to individual development
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT IV – SENSATION and PERCEPTION
Terms & Concepts
151. sensation
152. perception
153. bottom-up processing
154. top-down processing
155. selective attention
156. inattentional blindness
157. change blindness
158. transduction
159. psychophysics
160. absolute threshold
161. signal-detection theory
162. subliminal
163. priming
164. difference threshold
165. Weber’s law
166. sensory adaptation
167. perceptual set
168. extrasensory perception (ESP)
169. parapsychology
170. wavelength
171. hue
172. intensity
173. pupil
174. iris
175. lens
176. retina
177. accommodation
178. rods
179. cones
180. optic nerve
181. blind spot
182. fovea
183. feature detectors
184. parallel processing
185. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
186. opponent-process theory
187. gestalt
188. figure-ground
189. grouping
190. depth perception
191. visual cliff
192. binocular cue
193. retinal disparity
194. monocular cue
195. phi phenomenon
196. perceptual constancy
197. color constancy
198. perceptual adaptation
199. audition
200. frequency
201. pitch
202. middle ear
203. cochlea
204. inner ear
205. sensorineural hearing loss
206. conduction hearing loss
207. cochlear implant
208. place theory
209. frequency theory
210. gate-control theory
211. kinesthesis
212. vestibular sense
213. sensory interaction
214. embodied cognition
Module 16
16-1: What are sensation and perception? What do we mean by bottom-up and top-down processing?
16-2: How much information do we consciously attend to at once?
Selective attention
Selective inattention
Multitasking vs. serial tasking
16-3: What 3 steps are basic to all our sensory systems?
16-4: What are absolute and difference thresholds, and do stimuli below the absolute threshold have any influence?
Signal detection theory
Subliminal stimuli
Weber’s Law
16-5: What is the function of sensory adaptation?
Sensory adaptation
Selective attention
Module 17
17-1: How do our expectations, contexts, and emotions influence our perceptions?
Perceptual set
Context effects
Cultural context
17-2: What are the claims of ESP, and what have most research psychologists concluded after putting these claims to the test?
Module 18
18-1: What is the energy that we see as visible light?
Transduction
Wavelength
Intensity
Diagram of eye & retina
Rods & cones; fovea
18-2: How do the eye and the brain process visual information?
Feature detectors
Parallel processing/Visual information processing
18-3: What theories help us understand color vision?
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Color blindness & opponent colors
Module 19
19-1: How did the Gestalt psychologists understand perceptual organization, and how do figure-ground and grouping principles contribute to our
perceptions?
Form perception & grouping
19-2: How do we see the world in three dimensions and perceive motion?
Depth perception & visual cliff
Binocular & monocular cues
Phi phenomenon
19-3: How do perceptual constancies help us organize our sensations into meaningful perceptions?
Perceptual constancy, color constancy, size-distance relationship, lightness constancy
Ames room
19-4: What does research on sensory restriction and restored vision reveal about the effects of experience?
Perceptual interpretation (Molyneux & Locke)
Perceptual adaptation
Module 20
20-1: What are the characteristics of air pressure waves that we hear as sound, and how does the ear transform sound energy into neural
messages?
Frequency & intensity
Middle ear, cochlea, inner ear
Conduction hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
Cochlear implants – why the controversy?
Intensity/loudness
20-2: What theories help us understand pitch perception?
Frequency theory
Place theory
20-3: How do we locate sounds?
Module 21
21-1: How do we sense touch?
21-2: How can we best understand and control pain?
Gate control theory & biopsychosocial influences
Pain control
21-3: How do we experience taste and smell?
21-4: How do we sense our body’s position and movement?
Kinesthesis & vestibular sense
21-5: How do our senses interact?
Sensory interaction
Embodied cognition
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT V – STATES of CONSCIOUSNESS
Terms & Concepts
215. consciousness
216. hypnosis
217. posthypnotic suggestion
218. dissociation
219. circadian rhythm
220. REM sleep
221. alpha waves
222. sleep
223. hallucinations
224. delta waves
225. NREM sleep
226. suprachiasmatic nucleus
227. insomnia
228. narcolepsy
229. sleep apnea
230. night terrors
231. dream
232. manifest content
233. latent content
234. REM rebound
235. substance use disorder
236. psychoactive drug
237. tolerance
238. addiction
239. withdrawal
240. depressants
241. alcohol use disorder
242. barbiturates
243. opiates
244. stimulants
245. amphetamines
246. nicotine
247. cocaine
248. methamphetamine
249. Ecstasy (MDMA)
250. hallucinogens
251. LSD
252. near-death experience
253. THC
Module 22
22-1: What is the place of consciousness in psychology’s history?
Consciousness, dual processing, selective attention
States of consciousness (Figure 22.1)
22-2: What is hypnosis, and what powers does a hypnotist have over a hypnotized subject?
FAQs about hypnosis
Posthypnotic suggestions
22-3: Is hypnosis an extension of normal consciousness or an altered state?
Divided-consciousness theory
Social influence theory
Module 23
23-1: How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning?
Circadian rhythm
23-2: What is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages?
Sleep stages
REM sleep
23-3: How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns?
SCN
Genetic, cultural, and environmental influences on sleep
How much sleep do you need?
23-4: What are sleep’s functions?
5 reasons why sleep may have evolved
Module 24
24-1: How does sleep loss affect us, and what are the major sleep disorders?
Effects of sleep loss
Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
Night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking
24-2: What do we dream?
24-3: What are the functions of dreams?
Manifest content
Latent content
5 dream theories
Module 25
25-1: What are substance use disorders, and what role do tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction play in these disorders?
Substance use disorder (Table 25.1)
Psychoactive drugs
Tolerance, addiction, withdrawal
25-2: What are depressants, and what are their effects?
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Opiates
25-3: What are stimulants, and what are their effects?
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
25-4: What are hallucinogens, and what are their effects?
LSD
marijuana
THC
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT VI – LEARNING
Terms & Concepts
254. learning
255. habituation
256. associative learning
257. stimulus
258. cognitive learning
259. classical conditioning
260. behaviorism
261. neutral stimulus
262. unconditioned response
263. unconditioned stimulus
264. conditioned response
265. conditioned stimulus
266. acquisition
267. higher-order conditioning
268. extinction
269. spontaneous recovery
270. generalization
271. discrimination
272. operant conditioning
273. law of effect
274. operant chamber
275. reinforcement
276. shaping
277. discriminative stimulus
278. positive reinforcement
279. negative reinforcement
280. primary reinforce
281. conditioned reinforce
282. reinforcement schedule
283. continuous reinforcement
284. partial (intermittent) reinforcement
285. fixed-ratio schedule
286. variable-ratio schedule
287. fixed-interval schedule
288. variable-interval schedule
289. punishment
290. biofeedback
291. respondent behavior
292. operant behavior
293. cognitive map
294. latent learning
295. insight
296. intrinsic motivation
297. extrinsic motivation
298. coping
299. problem-focused coping
300. emotion-focused learning
301. learned helplessness
302. external locus of control
303. internal locus of control
304. self-control
305. observational learning
306. modeling
307. mirror neurons
308. prosocial behavior
Module 26
26-1: What is learning and what are some basic forms of learning?
Learning
Associative learning
26-2: What is classical conditioning, and what was behaviorism’s view of learning?
Ivan Pavlov
Classical conditioning – UR, US, NS, CS, CR
26-3: In classical conditioning, what are the processes of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination?
26-4: Pavlov’s Legacy
John Watson
Little Albert experiment
Module 27
27-1: What is operant conditioning, and how is operant behavior reinforced and shaped?
B.F. Skinner
Operant chamber/Skinner box
Shaping
27-2: What are the basic types of reinforcers?
Positive & negative
Primary & conditioned
Delayed & immediate
27-3: How do different reinforcement schedules affect behavior?
Continuous & partial schedules
Ratio schedules
Interval schedules
27-4: How does punishment affect behavior?
Positive & negative punishment
Negative effects
27-5: Skinner’s Legacy
Module 28
28-1: How might operant conditioning principles be applied at school, work, home, and for elf-improvement?
28-2: How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
Table 28.1
Module 29
29-1: How do biological constraints affect classical and operant conditioning?
29-2: How do cognitive processes affect operant conditioning?
Cognitive maps
Latent learning
Intrinsic & extrinsic motivation
29-3: In what two ways do people learn to cope with personal problems?
Problem-focused coping
Emotion-focused coping
29-4: How does a perceived lack of control affect other people’s behavior and health?
Learned helplessness
External and internal locus of control
Self-control
Module 30
30-1: What is observational learning, and how is it enabled by mirror neurons?
Mirror neurons
Bandura’s Bobo doll study
Television
Violence
30-2: What is the impact of prosocial modeling and of antisocial modeling?
Prosocial modeling
Antisocial effects (TV & video games)
Violence-viewing effect
Media violence - Imitation & desensitization
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT VII – COGNITION
Terms & Concepts
309. memory
310. encoding
311. storage
312. retrieval
313. parallel processing
314. sensory memory
315. short-term memory
316. long-term memory
317. working memory
318. explicit memory
319. effortful processing
320. autonomic processing
321. implicit memory
322. iconic memory
323. echoic memory
324. chunking
325. mnemonics
326. spacing effect
327. testing effect
328. shallow processing
329. deep processing
330. hippocampus
331. flashbulb memory
332. long-term potentiation
333. recall
334. recognition
335. relearning
336. priming
337. mood-congruent memory
338. serial position effect
339. anterograde amnesia
340. retrograde amnesia
341. proactive interference
342. retroactive interference
343. repression
344. misinformation effect
345. source amnesia
346. déjà vu
347. cognition
348. concept
349. prototype
350. creativity
351. convergent thinking
352. divergent thinking
353. algorithm
354. heuristic
355. insight
356. confirmation bias
357. mental set
358. intuition
359. representativeness heuristic
360. availability heuristic
361. overconfidence
362. belief perseverance
363. framing
364. language
365. phoneme
366. morpheme
367. grammar
368. babbling stage
369. one-word stage
370. two-word stage
371. telegraphic speech
372.
373.
374.
375.
aphasia
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
linguistic determinism
Module 31
31-1: Define memory
31-2: How do psychologists describe the human memory system?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
31-3: What information do we encode automatically? What information do we encode effortfully?
Explicit & implicit memories
31-4: Automatic processing & implicit memories
Time, space, frequency
31-5: Sensory memory
Iconic, echoic, hepatic
31-6: Capacity of short term and working memory
7 (+/-2)
31-7: What effortful processing methods aid in forming memories?
Semantic, visual, and acoustic encoding
Mnemonics, chunking, hierarchies
Spacing effect, testing effect
31-8: Levels of processing?
Shallow & deep processing
Module 32
32-1: Long-term memory capacity & storage
limitless
32-2: Frontal lobes & hippocampus
32-3: Cerebellum & basal ganglia
32-4: Amygdala, emotions & memory
flashbulb memories
32-5: Synaptic changes
Long-term potentiation
32-6: Measuring retention
Recognition, recall, relearning
32-7: How do external contexts and internal emotions influence memory retrieval?
Retrieval cues, priming
Context effects, moods and memories
Serial position effect
Module 33
33-1: Why do we forget?
Encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure
Anterograde amnesia & retrograde amnesia
Proactive interference & retroactive interference
Motivated forgetting, repression (Freud)
33-2: How do misinformation, imagination, and source amnesia influence our memory construction?
Memory construction, misinformation effect, eyewitness testimony
Source amnesia, déjà vu
33-3: Children’s Eyewitness recall
Memories of abuse
Leading psychological associations’ consensus on childhood abuse
33-4: How can an understanding of memory contribute to more effective study techniques?
Module 34
34-1: What is cognition and what are the functions of concepts?
Cognition, concepts, prototypes
34-2: Creativity
Convergent & divergent thinking
5 components of creativity
Module 35
35-1: Problem solving strategies & obstacles
Trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight
Confirmation bias, mental set
35-2: Forming good and bad decisions and judgments
Intuition
Representative heuristics, availability heuristics
Overconfidence, belief perseverance
Framing
35-3: How do smart thinkers use intuition?
Module 36
36-1: What are the structural components of a language?
Phonemes, morphemes, grammar
36-2: What are the milestones in language development?
Babbling stage, one-word stage, two-word stage
36-3: How do we learn language?
Operant learning, inborn universal grammar
Critical period
36-4: What brain areas are involved in language processing?
Aphasia, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area
36-5: What is the relationship between language and thinking?
Linguistic determinism, word power
Thinking in images
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT VIII – MOTIVATION & EMOTION
Terms & Concepts
376. motivation
377. instinct
378. drive-reduction theory
379. homeostasis
380. incentive
381. Yerkes-Dodson law
382. hierarchy of needs
383. glucose
384. set point
385. basal metabolic rate
386. sexual response cycle
387. refractory period
388. sexual dysfunction
389. estrogens
390. testosterone
391. emotion
392. James-Lange theory
393. Cannon-Bard theory
394. two-factor theory
395. polygraph
396. facial feedback effect
397. health psychology
398. stress
399. general adaptation syndrome
400. tend and befriend response
401. psychophysiological illness
402. psychoneuroimmunology
403. lymphocytes
404. coronary heart disease
405. Type A
406. Type B
Module 37
37-1: From what perspectives do psychologists view motivated behavior?
Definition of motivation
Instinct, drive-reduction, optimum arousal, hierarchy of needs
Module 38
38-1: What physiological factors produce hunger?
Hunger pangs, appetite hormones, hypothalamus, set point
38-2: What cultural and situational factors influence hunger?
Memory, taste preferences, culture
The ecology of eating
38-3: What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
Set point & metabolism
Genetic factors (twin and adoption studies)
Food & activity factors
Module 39
39-1: What is the human sexual response cycle, and what dysfunctions disrupt it?
Masters & Johnson (4 stages)
Sexual dysfunctions & paraphilia
39-2: How do hormones, and external and internal stimuli, influence human sexual motivation?
Estrogen and testosterone
External stimuli - Erotic material & fantasies
Imagined stimuli
Module 40
40-1: What evidence points to our human need to belong?
The benefits of belonging
The pain of being shut out
40-2: How does social networking influence us?
Social isolation, healthy disclosure, narcissism
Module 41
41-1: How do arousal and expressive behaviors interact in emotion?
James-Lange, Cannon-Bard
41-2: To experience emotions must we consciously interpret and label them?
Two-factor theory
Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus
41-3: What is the link between arousal and the autonomic nervous system?
41-4: Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses?
41-5: How effective are polygraphs in using body states to detect lies?
Module 42
42-1: How do we communicate nonverbally? How do the genders differ in this capacity?
Universal nonverbal language
Paul Ekman
Gender, emotion, and nonverbal behavior
42-2: How are nonverbal expressions of emotion understood within and across cultures?
42-3: How do our facial expressions influence our feelings?
Facial feedback effect
Module 43
43-1: Identify events that provoke stress responses, and describe how we respond and adapt to stress.
Catastrophes
Significant life changes
Daily hassles
Stress response system – general adaptation syndrome, tend-and-befriend
Module 44
44-1: How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?
Psychophysiological illnesses
Psychoneuroimmunology
Stress and disease susceptibility, AIDS, cancer
44-2: Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?
Type A vs. Type B personality
Chronic stress
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT IX – DEVELOPMENT
Terms and Concepts
407. developmental psychology
408. zygote
409. embryo
410. fetus
411. teratogens
412. fetal alcohol syndrome
413. habituation
414. maturation
415. cognition
416. schema
417. assimilation
418. accommodation
419. sensorimotor stage
420. object permanence
421. preoperational stage
422. conservation
423. egocentrism
424. theory of mind
425. autism spectrum disorder
426. concrete operational stage
427. formal operational stage
428. stranger anxiety
429. attachment
430. critical period
431. imprinting
432. temperament
433. basic trust
434. self-concept
435. gender
436. aggression
437. gender role
438. role
439. gender identity
440. social learning theory
441. gender typing
442. transgender
443. adolescence
444. identity
445. social identity
446. intimacy
447. emerging adulthood
448. X chromosome
449. Y chromosome
450. testosterone
451. puberty
452. primary sex characteristics
453. secondary sex characteristics
454. menarche
455. AIDS
456. sexual orientation
457. menopause
458. cross-sectional study
459. longitudinal study
460. social clock
Module 45
45-1: What 3 issues have engaged developmental psychologists?
Nature & nurture, continuity & stages, stability & change
45-2: What is the course of prenatal development, and how do teratogens affect that development?
Zygote, embryo, fetus
teratogens
45-3: What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers explore infants’ mental abilities?
Module 46
46-1: During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and motor skills develop?
Maturation
Motor development
46-2: How does an infant’s developing brain begin processing memories?
Module 47
47-1: From the perspective of Piaget and of today’s researchers, how does a child’s mid develop?
Schemas
Assimilation & accommodation
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Current perspectives on Piaget’s theory
47-2: How does autism spectrum disorder affect development?
Module 48
48-1: How do parent-infant attachment bonds form?
Origins of attachment (Harlow)
48-2: How have psychologists studied attachment differences, and what have they learned?
Secure attachment vs. insecure attachment
48-3: Do parental neglect, family disruption, or day care affect children’s attachments?
48-4: How does day care affect children?
48-5: How do children’s self-concepts develop?
48-6: What are 3 parenting styles, and how do children’s traits relate to them?
Authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative parenting styles
Module 49
49-1: What are some gender similarities and differences in aggression, social power, and social connectedness?
49-2: How do gender roles and gender typing influence gender development?
Gender identity, gender typing, transgender
Module 50
50-1: How do early experiences modify the brain?
50-2: In what ways do parents and peers shape children’s development?
Module 51
51-1: Define adolescence, and identify the major physical changes during this period.
Puberty
51-2: How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe adolescent cognitive and moral development?
Kohlberg: three levels of moral thinking
Moral intuition and moral action
Module 52
52-1: What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence?
Erickson’s stages of psychological development
52-2: How do parents and peers influence adolescents?
52-3: What is emerging adulthood?
Module 53
53-1: How is our biological sex determined, and how do sex hormones influence prenatal and adolescent development?
X & Y chromosomes
Primary & secondary sexual characteristics
53-2: What are some of the ways that sexual development varies?
53-3: How can sexually transmitted infections be prevented?
53-4: What factors influence teenagers’ sexual behaviors and use of contraceptives?
53-5: What has research taught us about sexual orientation?
Module 54
54-1: What physical changes occur during middle and late adulthood?
54-2: How does memory change with age?
54-3: What themes and influences mark our social journey from adulthood to death?
54-4: Do self-confidence and life satisfaction vary with life stages?
54-5: A loved one’s death triggers what range of reactions?
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT X – PERSONALITY
Terms & Concepts
461. personality
462. free association
463. psychoanalysis
464. unconscious
465. id
466. ego
467. superego
468. psychosexual stages
469. Oedipus Complex
470. identification
471. fixation
472. defense mechanism
473. repression
474. psychodynamic theories
475. collective unconscious
476. projective test
477. Thematic Apperception Test
478. Rorschach inkblot test
479. false consensus effect
480. terror-management theory
481. humanistic theories
482. self-actualization
483. unconditional positive regard
484. self-concept
485. trait
486. personality inventory
487. MMPI
488. empirically derived test
489. social-cognitive perspective
490. behavioral approach
491. reciprocal determinism
492. positive psychology
493. self
494. spotlight effect
495. self-esteem
496. self-efficacy
497. self-serving bias
498. narcissism
499. individualism
500. collectivism
Module 55
55-1: Explain how Freud’s treatment of psychological disorders led to his view of the unconscious mind.
Psychoanalysis
Free association, dream analysis
55-2: What was Freud’s view of personality?
Id, ego, superego
55-3: What developmental stages did Freud propose?
Psychosexual stages
Oedipus complex
identification
55-4: How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?
Repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial
55-5: How do contemporary psychologists view Freud psychoanalysis?
Module 56
56-1: Which of Freud’s ideas did his followers accept or reject?
Adler, Horney, Jung
Collective unconscious
56-2: What are projective tests, and how are they used?
TAT, Rorschach
56-3: How has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious?
False consensus effect, terror-management theory
Module 57
57-1: How did humanist psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?
Maslow & Rogers
Self-actualization, unconditional positive regard
57-2: How did humanist psychologists assess a person’s sense of self?
57-3: How has the humanist perspective influenced psychology? What criticisms has it faced?
Module 58
58-1: How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
Factor analysis
58-2: What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait-assessment tools?
MMPI
58-3: Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?
The Big Five
58-4: Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?
Module 59
59-1: Who first proposed the social-cognitive perspective, and how do social-cognitive theorists view personality development?
Albert Bandura
Social-cognitive perspective, behavioral approach
Reciprocal determinism
Optimism vs. pessimism
59-2: How do social-cognitive researchers explore behavior, and what criticism have they faced?
59-3: Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to psychology and to human well-being?
Spotlight effect
Self-esteem
59-4: What evidence reveals self-serving bias, and how do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?
Self-serving bias
Narcissism
59-5: How do individualist and collectivist cultures influence people?
Individualism
Collectivist
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT XI – TESTING and INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Terms and Concepts:
501. intelligence
502. intelligence test
503. general intelligence
504. factor analysis
505. savant syndrome
506. grit
507. emotional intelligence
508. mental age
509. Stanford-Binet
510. intelligence quotient (IQ)
511. achievement test
512. aptitude test
513. WAIS
514. standardization
515. normal curve
516. reliability
517. validity
518. content validity
519. predictive validity
520. cohort
521. crystallized intelligence
522. fluid intelligence
523. intellectual disability
524. Down syndrome
525. heritability
526. stereotype threat
Module 60
60-1: How is Intelligence defined?
60-2: What argues for and against considering intelligence as one general mental ability?
General intelligence (g)
Charles Spearman
60-3: How do Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of multiple intelligences differ?
Gardner’s 8 intelligences
Sternberg’s 3 intelligences
Savant syndrome
Multiple intelligences vs. general intelligence
60-4: What makes up emotional intelligence?
4 Components
Criticisms
60-5: To what extent is intelligence related to brain anatomy?
60-6: To what extent is intelligence related to neural processing speed?
Module 61
61-1: When and why were intelligence tests created?
Alfred Binet
Lewis Turman
Stanford-Binet
IQ / William Stern
61-2: What’s the difference between aptitude and achievement tests, and how can we develop and evaluate them?
WAIS / WISC
Achievement vs. aptitude tests
61-3: What are standardization & the normal curve?
61-4: What are reliability and validity?
Module 62
62-1: How stable are intelligence scores over the life span?
Crystallized and fluid intelligence
Stability over the life span
62-2: What are the traits of those at the low and high intelligence extremes?
High intelligence
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome
Module 63
63-1: Discuss the evidence for a genetic influence on intelligence, and explain what is meant by heritability.
Twin and adoption studies
Heritability
63-2: What does evidence reveal about environmental influences on intelligence?
Early environmental influences
Schooling & intelligence
Module 64
64-1: How and why do gender groups differ in mental ability scores?
64-2: How and why do racial & ethnic groups differ in mental ability scores?
64-3: Are intelligence tests inappropriately biased?
Two meanings of bias
Stereotype threat
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT XII – ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Terms & Concepts
527. psychological disorder
528. ADHD
529. medical model
530. DSM-5
531. anxiety disorders
532. generalized anxiety disorder
533. panic disorder
534. phobia
535. social anxiety disorder 536. Agoraphobia
537. OCD
538. PTSD
539. posttraumatic growth
540. mood disorders
541. major depressive disorder
542. mania
543. bipolar disorder
544. rumination
545. schizophrenia
546. psychosis
547. delusions
548. hallucinations
549. somatic symptom disorder
550. conversion disorder
551. illness anxiety disorder
552. dissociative disorders
553. dissociative identity disorder
554. anorexia nervosa
555. bulimia nervosa
556. binge-eating disorder
557. personality disorder
558. antisocial personality disorder
Module 65
65-1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional
65-2: Why is there controversy over ADHD?
65-3: How do the medical model & the biopsychosocial approach help us understand psychological disorders?
65-4: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders?
DSM-5
65-5: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
65-6: How many people suffer, or have suffered, from a psychological disorder?
America & globally
Risk factors & protective factors
Module 66
66-1: What are anxiety disorders?
Generalized anxiety disorder - symptoms
Panic disorder - symptoms
Phobias - symptoms
66-2: What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Symptoms & common obsessions and compulsions among children
66-3: What is posttraumatic stress disorder?
Symptoms
66-4: How do the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD?
The learning perspective – classical & operant conditioning, observational learning
The biological perspective – natural selection, genes, the brain
Module 67
67-1: What are mood disorders?
Major depressive disorder – symptoms & diagnosis
Bipolar disorder – symptoms & diagnosis
67-2: How do the biological and social-cognitive perspectives explain mood disorders?
Biological perspective
Social-cognitive perspective
Depression cycle
67-3: What factors affect suicide and self-injury?
Module 68
68-1: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia?
Psychosis
Delusions
Hallucinations
Selective attention
Catatonia
Flat affect
68-2: How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?
Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
68-3: How do brain abnormalities and viral infections help explain schizophrenia?
Dopamine, abnormal brain activity, abnormal brain morphology, prenatal viral infection
68-4: Are there genetic influences on schizophrenia? What factors may be early warning signs in children?
Genetic factors
Psychological factors
Module 69
69-1: What are somatic symptom and related disorders?
Somatic symptom disorders
Conversion disorders
Illness anxiety disorder
69-2: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
69-3: How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological and genetic forces?
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge-eating disorder
69-4: What are the three clusters of personality disorders? What behaviors and brain activity characterize the
Avoidant personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder (psychopath, sociopath)
antisocial personality?
STUDY GUIDE: UNIT XIII – TREATMENT of ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Terms & Concepts
559. psychotherapy
560. biomedical therapy
561. eclectic approach
562. psychoanalysis
563. resistance
564. interpretation
565. transference
566. psychodynamic therapy
567. insight therapies
568. client-centered therapies
569. active listening
570. unconditional positive regard
571. behavior therapy
572. counterconditioning
573. exposure therapies
574. systematic desensitization
575. virtual reality exposure therapy
576. aversive conditioning
577. token economy
578. cognitive therapy
579. rational-emotive behavior therapy
580. cognitive-behavioral therapy
581. group therapy
582. family therapy
583. regression toward the mean
584. meta-analysis
585. evidence-based practice
586. therapeutic alliance
587. resilience
588. Psychopharmacology
589. antipsychotic drugs
590. antianxiety drugs
591. antidepressant drugs
592. electroconvulsive therapy
593. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
594. psychosurgery
595. lobotomy
Module 70
70-1: How do psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, and an eclectic approach to therapy differ?
70-2: What are the goals of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?
Psychoanalysis & Sigmund Freud
70-3: What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy? What are the specific goals and techniques of Rogers’ client-centered approach?
Insight therapies
Active listening, unconditional positive regard
Module 71
71-1: How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from those of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies? What techniques are
used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning?
Counter-conditioning, exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, virtual reality exposure therapy
Aversive conditioning
71-2: What is the main premise of therapy based on operant conditioning principles, and what are the views of its proponents and critics?
Operant conditioning
Token economy
71-3: What are the goals and techniques of cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Albert Ellis, rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Aaron Beck
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
71-4: What are the aims and benefits of group and family therapy?
Module 72
72-1: Does psychotherapy work? Who decides?
Client’s perceptions
Clinician’s perceptions
Outcome research
72-2: Are some therapies more effective than others for specific disorders?
72-3: How do alternative therapies fare under scientific scrutiny?
EMDR
Light-exposure therapy
72-4: What are three elements shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
72-5: How do culture, gender, and values influence the therapist-client relationship?
Clinical psychologists
Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker
Counselors
Psychiatrists
72-6: What should a person look for when selecting a therapist?
72-7: What is the rationale for preventative mental health programs?
Module 73
73-1: What are the drug therapies? How do double-blind studies help researchers evaluate a drug’s effectiveness?
Anti-psychotic drugs
Antianxiety drugs
Antidepressants
Mood stabilizing medications
73-2: How are brain-stimulation and psychosurgery used in treating specific disorders?
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
Deep-brain stimulation
Psychosurgery, lobotomy
73-3: How, by caring of themselves with a healthy lifestyle, might people find some relief from depression, and how does this reflect our being
biopsychosocial systems?
STUDY GUIDE: STUDY GUIDE: UNIT 14 – SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
596. social psychology
597. attribution theory
598. fundamental attribution error
599. attitude
600. peripheral route persuasion
601. central route persuasion
602. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
603. role
604. cognitive dissonance theory
605. conformity
606. normative social influence
607. informational social influence
608. social facilitation
609. social loafing
610. deindividuation
611. group polarization
612. groupthink
613. culture
614. norm
615. prejudice
616. stereotype
617. discrimination
618. just-world phenomenon
619. ingroup
620. outgroup
621. ingroup bias
622. scapegoat theory
623. other-race effect
624. aggression
625. frustration-aggression principle
626. social script
627. mere exposure effect
628. passionate love
629. companionate love
630. equity
631. self-disclosure
632. altruism
633. bystander effect
634. social exchange theory
635. reciprocity norm
636. social responsibility norm
637. conflict
638. social trap
639. mirror-image perceptions
640. self-fulfilling prophecy
641. superordinate goals
642. GRIT
Module 74
74-1: What do social psychologist study? How do we tend to explain others’ behavior and our own?
Social psychology
Attribution theory; fundamental attribution error
74-2: Does what we think affect what we do, or does what we do affect what we think?
Attitudes & actions
Peripheral route to persuasion & central route to persuasion; foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Role playing; cognitive dissonance theory
Stanford Prison Study (P. Zimbardo)
Module 75
75-1: What is automatic mimicry, and how do conformity experiments reveal the power of social influence?
Conformity & social norms
Acsh Conformity Study
Normative social influence & informational social influence
75-2: What do Milgram’s obedience experiments teach us about the power of social influence?
Milgram Obedience Study
Individual Resistance
Module 76
76-1: How is our behavior affected by the presence of others?
Social facilitation
Social loafing
Deindividuation
76-2: What are group polarization and groupthink, and how much power do we have as individuals?
Group polarization
Groupthink
Power of individuals
76-3: How do cultural norms affect our behavior?
Variations across cultures
Variations over time
Module 77
77-1: What is prejudice? What are its social and emotional roots?
3 components of prejudice
Stereotypes & discrimination
Race
Gender
Ingroup & outgroup; ingroup bias
Scapegoat theory
77-2: What are the cognitive roots of prejudice?
Forming categories
Remembering vivid cases
Believing the world is just
Module 78
78-1: How does psychology’s definition of aggression differ from everyday usage? What biological factors make us more prone to hurt one
another?
Genetic Influences
Neural Influences
Biochemical Influences
78-2: What psychological and social-cultural factors may trigger aggressive behavior?
dealing with aversive events
learning aggression is rewarding
observing models of aggression
acquiring social scripts
violent media & video games
Module 79
79-1: Why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not others?
Proximity; mere exposure effect
Physical attractiveness
Similarity
79-2: How does romantic love typically change as time passes?
Romantic love vs. companionate love
Module 80
80-1: When are we most –and least- likely to help?
Altruism
Bystander effect
80-2: How do social exchange theory and social norms explain helping behavior?
Social norms
Reciprocity norm
Social-responsibility norm
80-3: How do social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict?
Conflict
Social traps
Mirror-image perceptions
Self-fulfilling prophecies
80-4: How can we transform feelings of prejudice, aggression, and conflict into attitudes that promote peace?
Superordinate goals
Communication
GRIT