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Transcript
OBJ: 7.1.1 State the cell theory. OBJ: 7.1.2 Describe how the different types of microscopes work. OBJ: 7.1.3 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. OBJ: 7.2.1 Describe the structure and function of the cell nucleus. OBJ: 7.2.2 Describe the role of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton. OBJ: 7.2.3 Identify the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus in making proteins. OBJ: 7.2.4 Describe the function of the chloroplasts and mitochondria in the cell. OBJ: 7.2.5 Describe the function of the cell membrane. OBJ: 7.3.1 Describe passive transport. OBJ: 7.3.2 Describe active transport. OBJ: 7.4.1 Explain how unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis. OBJ: 7.4.2 Explain how multicellular organism maintain homeostasis. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know? The cell lacks a nucleus What advance in technology made the discovery of cells possible? Microscopes Cells: first discovered in the 1600's, can be found in pond water, they contain a huge array of working parts. Electron microscopes can reveal details about specimens 1000 xs smaller than those visible by light microscopes Which type of microscope can produce three-dimensional images of a cell’s surface? Scanning Colors seen in images made from electron microscopes are added Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use? Mitochondrion Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is a rigid structure You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms? Animals The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of? Proteins Which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus? Eukaryotes Which structures are involved in cell movement? Microfilaments and microtubules What is a function of the nucleus? Stores DNA and sends directions Which of the following best describes the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm? The nucleus is an organ surrounded by cytoplasm The nucleus is NOT a sire for protein assembly-but stores DNA, is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, sorts coded instructions for making proteins, and usually has a nucleolus region where ribosome assembly begins Who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them “cells”? Robert Hooke Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful? Lysosomes Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? Ribsomes Which organelles are involved in energy conversion? Mitochondria and chloroplasts The primary function of the cell wall is to support and protect the cell Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment? Cell membrane Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell? Active transportt Unicellular organisms do NOT maintain homeostasis through cell specialization Which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism? Homeostasis The cells of unicellular organisms are able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called a tissue Viruses are not made of cells, so viruses are NOT living Plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria, whereas animal cells only have mitochondria Aquaporins participate in passive transport The assembly of ribosomes begins in a small dense structure called the nucleolus A compound microscope allows light to pass through a specimen and focuses it using two lenses to form an image Summarize three statements from the cell theory. Explain the significance of the cell theory to biology. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells. It also says that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and that new cells come from existing cells. The cell theory is significant to biology because all living thing are made of cells. Differences in the structure and function of different life forms are reflected in differences in their cell structures. cell -basic unit of all forms of life cell theory- fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living thingl and that new cells are produced from existing cells cell membrane -thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell nucleus- structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA eukaryote-organism whose cells contain a nucleus prokaryote-unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus cytoplasm- in eukaryotic cells, all cellular contents outside the nucleus; in prokaryotic cells, all of the cell's contents organelle -specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a cell vacuole- cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates lysosome- cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell cytoskeleton- network of protein filaments in a eularyolic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement centriole- structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division ribosome -cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell endoplasmic reticulum- internal membrane system found in eukaryolic cells golgi apparatus- organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticules for storage in the cell or release outside of the cell chloroplast -organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and converts in into chemical energy mitochondrion cell -organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use cell wall-strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells lipid bilayer- flexible double layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings selectively permeable -property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot diffusion- process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated facilitated diffusion -process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels Aquaporin-water channel protein in a cell Osmosis-diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Isotonic-when the concentration of two solutions is the same hypertonic -when comparing two solutions, the solution with the great concentration of solutes hypotonic- when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes osmotic pressure-pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane homeostasis- relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain tissue- group of similar cells that perform a particular function organ group -of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions organ system- group of organs that work together to perform a specific function receptor -on or in a cell, a specific protein to whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone