Download Protein Synthesis Study Sheet

Protein Synthesis Study Sheet
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Holt Chapter 8 (except 8.2)
What is the “central dogma of molecular biology”?
Why do organisms need nitrogen?
Draw a nucleic acid and label its parts.
What is a polymer?
What are proteins made from?
Give 3 examples of proteins and describe their functions?
What do enzymes do?
What kind of a molecule is an enzyme?
Draw an amino acid molecule.
Draw 2 DIFFERENT proteins. What makes them different?
What is the difference between a protein and a nucleic acid?
What is the difference between a nucleic acid and a nucleotide?
From where do ribosomes orginate?
Draw the structures of each of the four DNA bases (pyrimidines & purines).
Relate the following words: gene, chromosome, DNA, protein.
Name the 2 major steps of protein synthesis.
Give an example of each step.
What is the purpose of transcription and where does it take place?
What is the purpose of translation and where does it take place?
Describe the roles of mRNA and the codon.
Draw a model of tRNA and label its parts.
Describe the roles of tRNA and the anticodon.
Draw and label a ribosome.
Distinguish between mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
What happens to the mRNA strands when they are “processed”?
What do the mG cap and poly A do for the mRNA?
How do introns and exons differ?
What is a point mutation?
What is frameshift mutation?
How can a mutation be harmful?
How can a mutation be helpful?
Give an example of a “silent mutation”.
Give an example of a normal DNA sequence and the same one with a mutation. (insertion, deletion, substitution)
Explain how a mutation affects the expression of a gene.
Explain how a mutation can NOT affect the expression of a gene.
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein processing?
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein processing?
Describe the pathway by which proteins are synthesized from DNA.
Draw a DNA molecule.
Draw the DNA base-pairing rule.
Draw the RNA base-paring rule.
Be able to transcribe and translate a DNA sequence using the amino acid decoding sheet.
What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic viruses?*
How does a virus reproduce if it does not have any ribosomes to make structural proteins?*
How can a virus be used for gene therapy?*
Key Terms
DNA
RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
amino acid
polypeptide
protein
splicing
protein processing
*non-essential
cytosine
thymine
uracil
RNA polymerase
mG
polyA
intron
exon
RNA processing
pyrimidines
anticodon
ribosome
point mutation
shift mutation
a-site
p-site
transcription
translation
guanine
purines
initiation
elongation
termination
reverse transcription
lytic*
lysogenic*
adenine
codon
tRNA charging
Protein Synthesis Study Questions (Chapter 8)
GENERAL INFORMATION: NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS
1. What is the monomer of nucleic acids? What are they composed of?
2. What are 2 differences between the monomers of RNA and DNA?
3. What are proteins made of?
4. What determines the function of a protein?
5. What type of bond holds amino acids together in a protein?
6. Describe the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins.
STAGES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
7. Describe the 3 steps involved in making RNA.
8. What is the name of the process that makes RNA?
9. Describe the 3 steps involved in RNA processing.
10. What is the purpose of RNA processing?
11. Describe the 3 steps involved in using RNA to make proteins.
12. What is the name of the process that makes proteins?
13. What happens at the A site?
14. What happens at the P site?
15. What happens at the E site?
RNA
16. Name the 3 types of RNA.
17. Which RNA is a copy of one strand of DNA?
18. Which RNA makes the translation site?
19. Which RNA becomes charged in the cytoplasm?
20. Which RNA contains an anticodon?
21. Which RNA determines the amino acid sequence?
22. Which RNA makes the A, P, and E sites?
23. Which RNA carries amino acids to be assembled into a protein?
24. Which RNA is broken down after the protein is made?
25. Draw a charged tRNA with the anticodon CCA.
26. List all mRNA codons that do not have corresponding tRNA anticodons. Why is this?
MUTATIONS
27. Which type of mutation does not show any effects?
28. Which type of mutation occurs when one or more bases are changed?
29. Which two mutations result in a different amino acid sequence?
30. Which mutation results in an incomplete protein?
31. Which mutation is caused by an addition of a base?
32. Which mutation is caused by a removal of a base?
33. How do mutations affect protein synthesis?
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
34. If the sequence on one strand of DNA is TAG, what is the sequence on the other strand of DNA?
35. If the mRNA sequence is AUC, what is the tRNA anticodon?
36. If the tRNA anticodon is UCG, which amino acid will it carry?
37. If the DNA sequence is GAT, what is the mRNA sequence?
38. If the DNA sequence is TAC, what is the tRNA anticodon?
39. If the amino acid is lysine, write all possible tRNA anticodons.
40. If the mRNA sequence is GAU, what is the DNA sequence is came from?
40.If the tRNA anticodon is CAU, what is the mRNA codon it will attach to?
Answers to Protein Synthesis Study Questions
1. nucleotides; 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
2. RNA has ribose sugar and uracil base; DNA has deoxyribose sugar and thymine base
3. amino acids
4. sequence of amino acids
5. peptide bonds
6. DNA makes RNA, RNA makes proteins
7. a) Initiation- RNA polymerase attaches to DNA promoter region, unwinding it.
b) Elongation- RNA polymerase adds complimentary RNA bases
c) Termination- RNA polymerase reaches DNA terminator region, releasing RNA
8. transcription
9. a) poly-adenine tail added to help mRNA leave nucleus
b) methyl-guanine cap added to help mRNA attach to ribosome
c) splicing removes introns (segments that don’t code for correct amino acid)
10. modify RNA for efficient function
11. a) Initiation- ribosome attaches to mRNA at start codon
b) Elongation- charged tRNAs bring amino acids to ribosome
c) Termination- ribosome reaches stop codon and releases protein and RNA
12. translation
13. charged tRNA brings in amino acid
14. protein is held and released
15. uncharged tRNA exits
16. messenger, ribosomal, transfer
17. mRNA
18. rRNA
19. tRNA
20. tRNA
21. mRNA
22. rRNA
23. tRNA
24. all
25. check your drawing with me
26. UAA, UAG, UGA- they are no tRNA anticodons for stop codons
27. point silent
28. point
29. point missense
30. point nonsense
31. frameshift insertion
32. frameshift deletion
33. they change the mRNA sequence, which changes the type of protein made
34. ATC
35. UAG
36. serine
37. CUA
38. UAC
39. UUU, UUC
40. CTA
41. GUA