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2nd Benchmark for Semester 1 2008-2009
Biology
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Biology
The items in this test are based on the
North Carolina Standard Course of Study
for Biology. Proceed with the test on the
next page.
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1. Why is anaerobic respiration considered
to be less efficient than aerobic
respiration?
A Because less lactic acid is formed
during anaerobic respiration than
aerobic respiration.
Biology
4. An investigation was carried out and the
results are shown below. Substance X
resulted from a metabolic process that
produces ATP in yeast (a single-celled
fungus).
B Because anaerobic respiration
requires more oxygen than aerobic
respiration.
C Because the net gain of ATP
molecules is less in anaerobic
respiration than in aerobic
respiration.
D Because less energy is required
during anaerobic respiration than
aerobic respiration.
2. What is the production of alcohol by
yeast cells called?
A fermentation
B aerobic respiration
Which statement best describes
substance X?
A It is oxygen released by protein
synthesis.
B It is glucose that was produced in
photosynthesis.
C It is starch that was produced during
digestion.
D It is carbon dioxide released by
respiration.
C budding
D dehydration synthesis
3. Which cross could produce a child with
blood type A?
A IAi × ii
B IAIA × IBIB
C IAi × IBIB
D IBIB × ii
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5. To remain healthy, organisms must be
able to obtain materials, change the
materials, move the materials around
and get rid of waste. What do these
activities directly require?
A energy from ATP
B the replication of DNA
C nutrients from inorganic sources
D manipulation of altered genes
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6. The diagram below shows a sequence
of events that often occurs in human
muscle cells.
What is most likely the substance
represented by letter X ?
A hemoglobin
B glycogen
C ethyl alcohol
Biology
7. The graph below shows the number of
push-ups John completed in each of
four trials (A-D). Each trial lasted two
minutes. John rested between trials.
The concentration of lactic acid in
John's muscle tissue was most likely
greatest during which trial?
A A
B B
C C
D D
D lactic acid
8. In the synthesis of proteins, what is the
function of messenger-RNA molecules?
A They act as a template for the
synthesis of DNA.
B They carry information that
determines the sequence of amino
acids.
C They remove amino acids from the
nucleus.
D They carry specific enzymes for
dehydration synthesis.
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Biology
9. The graphs below show the changes in 11. An experimental setup is shown below.
the relative concentrations of two gases
in the air surrounding a group of mice.
Which process in the mice most likely
accounts for the changes shown?
Which hypothesis would most likely be
tested using this setup?
A active transport
B evaporation
C respiration
A Light is needed for the process of
reproduction.
B Glucose is not synthesized by plants
in the dark.
D photosynthesis
C Protein synthesis takes place in
leaves.
10. Which phrase best describes cellular
respiration, a process that occurs
continuously in the cells of organisms?
A removal of oxygen from the cells of
an organism
B conversion of light energy into the
chemical bond energy of organic
molecules
D Plants need fertilizers for proper
growth.
12. What are genes called that are only
carried on an X-chromosome?
A hybrid
B codominant
C transport of materials within cells
and throughout the bodies of
multicellular organisms
C autosomal
D sex-linked
D changing of stored chemical energy
in food molecules to a form usable
by organisms
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13. The diagram below represents a section
of a molecule that carries genetic
information.
Biology
15. The graph below shows the results of
an experiment in which a container of
oxygen-using bacteria and strands of a
green alga were exposed to light of
different colors.
What do the pattern of numbers
represent?
A a sequence of paired bases
B the order of proteins in a gene
C folds of an amino acid
D positions of gene mutations
14. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is
dominant over the gene for black fur (g ).
If 50% of a large litter of squirrels are
gray, what would be the parental cross
that produced this litter?
A GG × Gg
B GO × GO
C Gg × gg
Which statement best explains the
results of this experiment?
A The rate of photosynthesis is
affected by variations in the light.
B In all environments light is not a vital
resource.
C The activities of bacteria and algae
are not related.
D Uneven numbers and types of
species can upset ecosystem
stability.
D gg × gg
16. In which cells would you find the largest
number of mitochondria?
A blood cells
B bone cells
C muscle cells
D skin cells
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17. Three structures are represented in the
diagram below.
Biology
19. Base your answer to the following
question on the diagram below of a DNA
molecule and on your knowledge of
biology.
What is the relationship between these
three structures?
A DNA is made up of proteins that are
synthesized in the cell.
B Protein is composed of DNA that is
stored in the cell.
C DNA controls the production of
protein in the cell.
D The cell is composed only of DNA
and protein.
Which activity occurs in the process of
replication?
A Structure 1 is decomposed.
B A chemical bond is broken in region 2.
C Structure 3 is synthesized.
18. In dogs, wire hair (D) is dominant over
smooth hair (d). If two wire-haired dogs
produce a smooth-haired pup, what
would be the genotypes of the parent
dogs?
A DD andDd
D Proteins are formed in region 2.
20. Which type of energy transformation
occurs in photosynthesis?
B Dd and Dd
A mechanical to electrical
C DD and DD
B chemical to mechanical
D Dd and dd
C light to chemical
D heat to electrical
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21. In a certain variety of chicken, the
genes for black feather color and the
genes for white feather color are
codominant. What traits would this
variety of chicken most likely exhibit?
A three possible phenotypes for
feather color
Biology
24. A mother with type B blood and a father
with type A blood have four children,
each with a different blood type. What
is the best explanation for the
occurrence of the four different blood
types of their children?
A Blood type is only determined by
dominant alleles.
B white feather color, only
C only white or black chickens
D black feather color, only
B Blood type is determined by multiple
alleles.
C Blood type is influenced by
environmental conditions.
D Blood type is a sex-linked trait.
22. What would cause a mutation of a single
gene?
A a change in a base sequence in DNA
25. Which diagram correctly illustrates the
fusion of normal gametes that will most
likely produce a human male?
B recombination of traits
A
C the failure of chromosomes to
separate
D blocked nerve messages
B
23. Cloning an individual usually produces
organisms that have what in common?
C
A They contain dangerous mutations.
B They contain identical genes.
D
C They are identical in appearance and
behavior.
D They produce enzymes different
from the parent.
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26. The pedigree chart below shows the
pattern of inheritance for a sex-linked
trait.
Biology
28. What did Gregor Mendel discover using
the results of his experiments with pea
plant crosses?
A the principles of dominance,
segregation, and independent
assortment
B that pea plants develop mutations
after exposure to radiation
C intermediate inheritance and gene
linkage
If this couple has another son, what is
the probability that he will exhibit this
sex-linked trait?
D that DNA is involved in the
inheritance of dominant traits
A 0%
B 25%
C 50%
29. The distribution of chromosomes in one
type of cell division is shown in the
diagram below.
D 100%
27. Which is the correct sequence for the
stages of mitotic cell division
represented by the diagrams below?
Which process is represented in the
diagram?
A asexual reproduction
B meiosis
A A→ B → C → D
C mitosis
B A→C→D→B
D vegetative propagation
C B→A→D→C
D B→C→D→A
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30. A cross between two mice with long
tails and brown fur produced the four
types of offspring listed below:
Biology
32. The Punnett square below shows the
cross between two squash plants.
long tailed with brown fur
long tailed with white fur
short tailed with brown fur
short tailed with white fur
Which genetic mechanism best explains
the results of this cross?
A intermediate inheritance
Which genetic principle is best
illustrated by the phenotype of the
offspring?
B gene linkage
A codominance
C independent assortment
B intermediate inheritance
D crossing-over
C independent assortment
D dominance
31. The diagram below represents a portion
of a nucleic acid molecule.
33. Scientists have cloned sheep but have
not yet cloned a human. What is the best
explanation for this situation?
A the technology to clone humans has
not been explored
B human reproduction is very different
from that of other mammals
C there are many ethical problems
involved in cloning humans
What could be the part indicated by
arrow X ?
D cloning humans would take too long
A adenine
B deoxyribose
C phosphate
D ribose
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34. In rabbits, the gene for black coat color
(B) is dominant over the gene for white
coat color (b). In the cross illustrated
below, rabbit member III may have
genotype BB or Bb.
Biology
36. Which statement best describes the
result of some of the processes
involved in genetic engineering?
A They alter the arrangement of
hereditary material.
B They provide energy for mitosis and
meiosis.
C They are necessary for normal
gamete formation.
Which cross should be done to help
determine if rabbit number III is
heterozygous?
A Cross I with II a second time.
B Cross III with a rabbit having
genotype BB.
C Cross III with a rabbit having
genotype bb.
D Cross III with II.
35. Enzymes are used in moving sections of
DNA that code for insulin from the
pancreas cells of humans into a certain
type of bacterial cell. When this
bacterial cell reproduces, what will it's
offspring be able to form?
D They reduce variation in organisms
that reproduce asexually.
37. A small amount of DNA was taken from
a fossil of a mammoth found frozen in
glacial ice. Genetic technology can be
used to produce a large quantity of
identical DNA from this mammoth's
DNA. What is the function of the
original DNA sample?
A It stimulates differentiation in other
mammoth cells.
B It provides fragments to replace
certain human body chemicals.
C It acts as a template for repeated
replication.
D It triggers mitosis to obtain new base
sequences.
A human insulin
B antibodies against insulin
C enzymes that digest insulin
D a new type of insulin
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Biology
38. The diagrams below represent some steps in a procedure used in biotechnology.
What do letters X and Y represent?
A
hormones that stimulate the replication of bacterial DNA
B
biochemical catalysts involved in the insertion of genes into other organisms
C
hormones that trigger rapid mutation of genetic information
D
gases needed to produce the energy required for gene manipulation
39. A gene that codes for resistance to
40. If an adenine nucleotide is deleted from
glyphosate, a biodegradable weedkiller,
a nucleotide sequence in a DNA
has been inserted into certain plants. As
molecule, what is the result?
a result, how will these plants be
affected?
A a clone
A They will produce chemicals that kill
weeds growing near them.
B a mutation
C a polypeptide
B They will die when exposed to
glyphosate.
D a hybrid
C They will convert glyphosate into
fertilizer.
D They will survive when glyphosate is
applied to them.
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Biology
41. Which set of terms best identifies the letters in the diagram below?
A
1
B
2
C
3
D
4
42. During meiosis, crossing over (gene
exchange between chromosomes) may
occur. What would be a result of
crossing over?
A overproduction of gametes
B fertilization and development
C the formation of identical offspring
D variation in the species
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Biology
43. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge
of biology.
Scientists found members of a plant species they did not recognize. They wanted to
determine if the unknown species was related to one or more of four known
species, A, B, C, and D.
The relationship between species can be determined most accurately by
comparing the results of gel electrophoresis of the DNA from different species.
The chart below represents the results of gel electrophoresis of the DNA
from the unknown plant species and the four known species.
Which plant species is the most closely related to the unknown species?
A
Species A
B
Species B
C
Species C
D
Species D
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44. To determine the identity of their
biological parents, adopted children
sometimes request DNA tests. These
tests involve comparing DNA samples
from the child to DNA samples taken
from the likely parents. How are
possible relationships determined from
these tests?
A The base sequence of the father
determines the base sequence of the
offspring.
B The DNA of parents and their
offspring is more similar than the
DNA of nonfamily members.
Biology
46. In pea plants, the gene for yellow seeds
is dominant over the gene for green
seeds. Which procedure can be used to
determine if a plant that produces
yellow seeds is homozygous or
heterozygous?
A crossing it with plants that are
homozygous for yellow seeds
B crossing it with plants that are
homozygous for green seeds
C crossing it with plants that are
known to contain mutant genes
D exposing it to high doses of radiation
C The position of the genes on each
chromosome is unique to each family.
D The mutation rate is the same in
closely related individuals.
45. Completed in 2003, the Human Genome
Project (HGP) was a 13-year project
coordinated by the U.S. Department of
Energy and the National Institutes of
Health. What is the general purpose of
this project?
A to identify the causes of serious
diseases
B to build a database of chemicals in
the human body
C to sequence the genes in human
DNA for scientific studies
47. A scientific study showed that the depth
at which algae were found in a lake
varied from day to day. On clear days,
the algae were found as much as 6
meters below the surface of the water
but were only 1 meter below the
surface on cloudy days. Which
hypothesis best explains these
observations?
A Light intensity affects the growth of
algae.
B Wind currents affect the growth of
algae.
C Nitrogen concentration affects the
growth of algae.
D Precipitation affects the growth of
algae.
D to use statistics to find a cure for
cancer
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Biology
48. If the leaves of a geranium plant receive 49. A karyotype is shown in the diagram
an adequate supply of raw materials,
below.
which graph shows how the rate of
photosynthesis is related to increasing
light intensity received by the plant?
A
B
What can be inferred from the
information in this karyotype?
C
A That the individual is a female with
sickle-cell anemia.
B That the individual is a male with
Tay-Sachs disease.
C That the individual is a female with
Down syndrome.
D
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D That the individual is a male with
phenylketonuria.
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50. Which diagram best represents the
cycling of respiratory and
photosynthetic gases in plants?
A
Biology
52. What does the process of mitotic cell
division normally produce?
A four cells with half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell
B two cells with the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cell
B
C two cells with only one chromosome
from each set of homologous
chromosomes
D one cell with a replicated set of
homologous chromosomes
C
53. Which statement best explains the
significance of meiosis in the process of
evolution within a species?
D
A The gametes produced by meiosis
ensure the continuation of any
particular species by asexual
reproduction.
B Equal numbers of eggs and sperm
are produced by meiosis.
51. What type of bond joins two amino acids
together?
A a double bond
B a hydrogen bond
C Meiosis produces eggs and sperm
that are alike.
D Meiosis provides for variation in the
gametes produced by an organism.
C an ionic bond
D a peptide bond
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Biology
54. If the pattern of inheritance for a trait is 56. Which of the following is responsible
complete dominance, what will an
for variation in the offspring of sexually
organism that is heterozygous for the
reproducing organisms?
trait express?
A sorting and recombining of genes
A the recessive trait, only
B replication and cloning
B the dominant trait, only
C the need to adapt and maintain
C a blend of the recessive and
homeostasis
dominant traits
D overproduction of offspring and
D a phenotype unlike that of either
competition
parent
55. Which substance is most likely
represented by letter X in the equation
below?
amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide + X
57. In a certain species of plant, the allele
for tallness is dominant over the allele
for shortness. What should be crossed
with a tall plant to determine whether it
is heterozygous or homozygous?
A short plant
A salt
B tall plant
B hydrochloric acid
C medium-sized plant
C water
D different species of plant
D fatty acid
58. In a human, what is the ratio of the
normal chromosome number in a
nucleus produced by mitosis to the
normal chromosome number in a
nucleus produced by meiosis?
A 1:1
B 2:1
C 3:1
D 4:1
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59. Four stages in the production of protein
molecules in a cell are listed below.
A – Transfer RNA molecules bring
Biology
60. Which statement is true of both mitosis
and meiosis?
amino acids to the ribosome
A Both are involved in asexual
reproduction.
B – DNA molecules serve as templates
B Both occur only in reproductive cells.
for messenger RNA molecules.
C – Messenger RNA molecules move to
ribosomes.
D – Polypeptides are formed on
ribosomes.
C The number of chromosomes is
reduced by half.
D DNA replication occurs before the
division of the nucleus.
Which sequence best represents the
correct order of these stages?
A A →B →C →D
B B →C →A →D
C C →B →A →D
D D →B →A →C
End of
Biology Exam
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