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Topic: Mutations Notes Name: ___________________________ Date:____________ Objective: SWBAT understand gene and chromosomal mutations. Questions/Main Ideas: What are mutations? Mutations are changes in the DNA that affect genetic information. - 2 types of mutations: Gene mutations and chromosomal mutations. What are gene mutations? Gene Mutations - DNA fails to copy accurately, leading to mistakes - A nucleotide is deleted, inserted or substituted for the wrong one. - When a gene mutation occurs, it can affect what protein is made. What causes mutations to occur? Possible causes: - External influences, such as exposure to nuclear radiation, UV radiation, or other carcinogens. - There are checkpoints in the cell cycle that allow proteins to check for errors (proofread). If these proteins don’t work, mistakes get missed. What are examples of Gene mutations? Types of Gene Mutations: - Point mutations- affect only one nucleotide. - Example: substitution AGCACCTAGGTC AGCACGTAGGTC G (Guanine) substitutes C (Cytosine) Normal Sentence →THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT After substitution → THE BIZ FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT - Frameshift mutations- shift the entire frame (sequence of nucleotides). Examples: deletion, insertion AGCACCTAGGTC AGACCTAGGTC This deletion changed the sequence. Normal Sentence→ THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT After deletion→ THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT Normal Sentence→ THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT After insertion→ THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA T Frameshift mutations have more of an effect than point mutations on the resulting amino acid chain. Why? What are examples of Chromosomal mutations? Chromosomal Mutations- involve changes in whole chromosomes - Can occur in Mitosis (from cell to cell) or Meiosis (from parent to offspring) - Can involve rearranging chromosome structure or changes in the number of chromosomes. - Can be harmful (genetic disorder or death), neutral, or beneficial (make stronger plants) Types of Chromosomal Mutations 1. Deletion = one or more genes are lost 2. Duplication = a segment of the chromosome is repeated 3. Inversion = chromosome segment breaks free = attaches in reverse order 4. Translocation = lost segment or entire chromosome attaches to a different chromosome. Altered genes may be passed on to every cell that develops from it, causing an altered phenotype. Summary: