* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Deoxyribonucleic acid
Survey
Document related concepts
DNA barcoding wikipedia , lookup
DNA sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
Maurice Wilkins wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Deoxyribonucleic acid * ** ** 정영진 , 진윤태 , 배영주 , 이준원 ** 요 약 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) . . DNA segment DNA marker tic-tac-toe DNA , , . . RNA . DNA . , . DNA DNA . , , Computing Convergence Technology and Principles of Deoxyribonucleic Acid * ** ** ** ABSTRACT Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic blueprint that encodes for the basic functions and development of all living organisms and many viruses. Its main purpose is the storage of genetic material required for the production of proteins, RNAs, and all cells within the body. These DNA segments that carry the genetic information are called genes. Similar to the ones used in modern silicone-based, electronic computers, DNA molecules can be used to create logic gates with short DNA strands acting as input and output signals. With further development, these gates may be used to detect certain molecules such as markers, and take appropriate, pre-programmed action against it. The power of DNA logic gates is demonstrated by a DNA computer that can play a game of tic-tac-toe against a human opponent. Thus, through the double-helix shaped DNA, valuable information and new insights can be gained in a new field of science that brings together synthetic chemistry, enzymology, nanotechnology, and computer science. Key Words : Deoxyribonucleic acid, recombination, transcription, logic gate, computing ∙ 제1저자(First Author) : 정영진 ∙ 교신저자(Correspondent Author) : 이준원 ∙ 접수일(2010년 5월 24일), 수정일(1차 : 2010년 6월 23일), 게재확정일(2010년 6월 28일) *1865: Gregor Mendel discovers through breeding experiments with peas that traits are inherited on specific laws (later to be termed "Mendel's laws") *1869: Friedrich Miescher isolates DNA for the first time *1871: The first publications describing DNA("nuclein") by Friedrich Miescher, Felix Hoppe-Seyler, and P. Plósz are printed. *1889: Richard Altmann renames "nuclein" to "nucleic acid" *1902: Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton postulate that the heredity units (called "genes" as of 1909) are located on chromosomes. *1902-1909: Archibald Garrod proposes that genetic defects result in the loss of enzymes and hereditary metabolic diseases. *1928: Frederick Griffith postulates that a "transforming principle" permits properties from one type of bacteria (heat-inactivated virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae) to be transferred to another (live nonvirulent Streptococcus pneumoniae). *1929: Phoebus Levene identifies the building blocks of DNA, including the four bases adenine(A), cytosine(C), guanine(G), and thymine(T). *1949: Colette and Roger Vendrely and André Boivin discover that the nuclei of germ cells contain half the amount of DNA that is found in somatic cells. This parallels the reduction in the number of chromosomes during gametogenesis and provides further evidence for the fact that DNA is the genetic material. *1952: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase use viruses (bacteriophage T2) to confirm DNA as the genetic material by demonstrating that during infection viral DNA enters the bacteria while the viral proteins do not and that this DNA can be found in progeny virus particles. *1953: James Watson and Francis Crick discover the molecular structure of DNA: a double helix in which A always pairs with T, and C always with G. *1957: Francis Crick proposes the "central dogma"(information in the DNA is translated into proteins through RNA) and speculates that three bases in the DNA always specify one amino acid in a protein. *1968-1970: Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans use restriction enzymes to cut DNA is specific places for the first time. *1977: Frederick Sanger, Allan Maxam, and Walter Gilbert develop methods to sequence DNA. *1982: The first drug (human insulin), based on recombinant DNA, appears on the market. *1990: Sequencing of the human genome begins. *1999: Sequence of the first human chromosome(22) is published. *2000 : The complete sequences of the genomes of the fruit fly Drosophila and the first plan -Arabidopsis- are published. *2001: The complete sequence of the human genome is published. *2002: The complete genome sequence of the first mammalian model organism -the mouse- is published. [1] D. R. Friedrich, “Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA“, Developmental Biology, Vol. 278, pp. 274 288, Review, 2005. [2] KIug, William R. "Essential genetic. 5 th ed", Prentice Hall, pp. 211-230. [3] R. S. Richard, "DNA structure and function. 2 nd ed", Academic press, pp. 3-30, 1994. [4] S. Arnott, "Historical article: DNA polymorphism and the early history of the double helix", Trends Biochem Sci, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 349-354, 2006. [5] L. Serrano, L. Liang, Y. Chang, L. Deng, C. Maulion, S. C. Nguyen, and J. A, Tischfield, "Homologous Recombination conserves DNA sequence integrity throughout the cell cycle in embryonic stem cells", Stem Cells Dev, Vol. 21, 2010. [6] P. A. Muniandy, J. Liu, A. Majumdar, S. T. Liu, and M. M. Seidman, "DNA interstrand crosslink repair in mammalian cells: step by step", Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 23-49, 2010. [7] X. Li, and W. D. Heyer, "Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance", Cell Res, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 99-113, 2008. [8] http://www.detectingdesign.com/images/Abiogenesis [9] S. Cooper, "The central dogma of cell biology", Cell Biol Int Rep, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 539-549, 1981. [10] L. M. Adleman, "Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems", Science, Vol. 266, pp. 1021-1024, 1994. [11] Y. Benenson, "Biocomputers: from test tubes to live cells", Mol BioSyst Vol. 5, pp. 675-685, 2009. [12] E. Winfree, F. Liu, L. A. Wenzler, and N. C. Seeman, "Design and self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA crystals", Nature Vol. 394, pp. 539-544, 1998. [13] J. Macdonald, D. Stefanovic, and M. N. Stojanovic, "DNA computers for work and play", Sci Am Vol. 299, pp. 84-91, 2008. 서울 한영외국어 고등학교 현재 배재대학교 생명유전공학과 인턴 연구원