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Download DNA and Its Proccesses
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KEYSTONE REVIEW: TOPIC 6 DNA AND ITS PROCESSES NUCLEIC ACID • Monomer: nucleotide • 5 carbon sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID DNA • • • • Deoxyribonucleic acid 2 strands Deoxyribose-sugar Nitrogenous base • • • • Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine RNA • • • • Ribonucleic acid 1 strand Ribose-sugar Nitrogenous base • • • • Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine TYPES OF RNA Messenger RNA • Transcribed off of DNA in the nucleus • Carries the “genetic code” from the nucleus to the ribosomes Transfer RNA • Transcribed off of DNA in the nucleus • Transport/carr y the amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome as needed by the mRNA Ribosomal RNA • Transcribed off of the DNA in the nucleus • Makes up part of a ribosome; actual function in Protein Synthesis not clearly understood THREE MAIN PROCESSES INVOLVING NUCLEIC ACID • Replication • Make a copy of DNA from DNA • Transcription • Convert the info in DNA to RNA format • Translation • Use RNA format to create a polypeptide/protein REPLICATION • DNA to DNA • Unzip DNA double strand • Add in new base pairs to each half • Base-pairing rules: A with T G with C • Result: 2 identical strands of DNA each has one of the original strands and a newly synthesized strand • link TRANSCRIPTION • Create ONE strand of mRNA from a piece of DNA • Unzip strands • Add mRNA base pairs to one side • Base-pairing rules: A with U G with C • Result: 1 strand of mRNA that is complementary to the DNA TRANSLATION • Create an amino acid sequence/chain from an mRNA template • Feed mRNA through ribosome • Add one amino acid (via tRNA) for each 3-letter mRNA segment (codon) • Stop when a STOP codon is reached TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION • Link – to the Amoeba Sisters CODONS • A “code” in each 3-letter mRNA pieces • Codes for amino acids MUTATIONS AND ERRORS • Mutation—change in DNA • Can occur in ANY of these processes • Types: • Duplication • Deletion • Substitution TYPES OF MUTATIONS Duplication Deletion Substitution SUMMARY • Nucleic acid is key to storing information for the assembly of proteins • Nucleic acid comes in two types—DNA and RNA • Each has structural differences • Nucleic acid can be replicated, transcribed, and translated • Mutations can occur • Beneficial or harmful or neutral • Lead to genetic variation